The functions of the liver

    Cards (15)

    • what are the main functions of the liver?
      • detoxification - breakdown alcohol, toxins and drugs
      • carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
      • breakdown old erythrocytes
      • production of cholesterol
      • metabolism of proteins - deamination of excess amino acids to create urea, transamination - conversion of one amino acid to another
      • produces bile - emulsify fats
    • what particularly is detoxified?
      ethanol, alcohol
    • what is the process of deamination?
      amino acid + oxygen -> ammonia + keto acid
    • what happens in the Ornithine Cycle?
      • ammonia is detoxified to produce urea by combining it with CO2
    • what is the purpose of transamination?
      • allows you to produce new amino acids from existing amino acids in your body
    • what is the role of catalase?
      breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
    • how does methylation render toxins harmless?

      • transforms toxins into a form that is easier to package up and eliminate
    • what qualities does the liver have?
      • high regeneration ability - deals with toxins
    • what is ethanol?
      • C2H5OH
      • depresses the CNS
      • lipid soluble - easily diffuse across cell membrane
    • how is ethanol broken down?
      • ethanol -> ethanal, using alcohol dehydrogenase and NAD
      • ethanal -> ethanoic acid, using aldehyde dehydrogenase and NAD
      • ethanal causes symptoms of hangover
    • how is NAD used in the breakdown of ethanol?
      • hydrogen carrier used in respiration
      • involved in oxidation and reduction reactions, reduced NAD is used in respiration to generate lots of ATP
    • what does it mean to have intense hangover symptoms?
      • defective gene for aldehyde dehydrogenase so get hangover symptoms quicker
    • how does too much alcohol consumption develop a fatty liver?
      • leads to disorders of metabolic functioning of liver
      • initial stages involves accumulation of fats in liver cells
      • breakdown of ethanol produced reduced NAD, so reactions using oxidised NAD are less likely to happen causing fatty acid accumulation depositing around the liver
    • what are the causes and consequences of cirrhosis?
      • liver is injured - excess alcohol consumption, infection e.g.
      • scar tissue forms (liver tries to repair itself)
      • as cirrhosis gets worse, more and more scar tissue forms making it difficult for liver to do its job
      • damage can't be undone, can be life-threatening
    • describe the development of liver disease
      • deposits of fat causes liver enlargement
      • scar tissue forms
      • growth of connective tissue destroys liver cells (cirrhosis)