Geography rrrr

• What are natural hazards?

  Natural hazards are naturally occurring events that pose a risk to human life and property.
• How do the type, frequency, and magnitude of a hazard affect risk?

  They affect the severity of the risk associated with the hazard.
• What are the classifications of natural hazards based on their cause?

  • Atmospheric: caused by weather conditions
  • Geophysical: caused by tectonic plate movement
  • Hydrological: caused by water occurrence and movement
• What are examples of atmospheric natural hazards?

  Extreme heat, storms, and climate change.
• What are examples of geophysical natural hazards?

  Volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis.
• What are examples of hydrological natural hazards?

  Flooding, landslides, and droughts.
• How can landslides occur?

  Landslides can result from hydrological or geographical causes.
• What factor increases the probability of being affected by natural hazards?

  Population density in high-risk areas.
• Why do lower-income countries (LICs) have more people living in high-risk areas?

  LICs often have less capacity to cope with disasters and may have large slums in risky locations.
• What does the disaster risk equation indicate?

  Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability / Capacity to Cope

  • Higher risk if frequency or severity of hazards increases
  • Higher risk if vulnerability of people increases
  • Higher risk if capacity to cope decreases
• How does deforestation affect natural hazards?

  Deforestation can increase the risk of flooding, landslides, and drought.
• What impact does climate change have on natural hazards?

  Climate change can lead to more volatile weather, increasing risks of storms and drought.
• What causes global atmospheric circulation?

  Differences in air pressure due to unequal heating of the Earth's surface.
• How does wind occur in the atmosphere?

  Wind is caused by differences in atmospheric pressure, moving from high to low pressure areas.
• What happens to air temperature and pressure towards the poles?

  Temperatures decrease and high pressure increases due to the spread of the Sun's energy over a large area.
• What are the three convection cells in each hemisphere?

  • Hadley Cell
  • Ferrel Cell
  • Polar Cell
• What occurs at 30° north and south of the Equator?

  Cold, dry air sinks, creating high pressure and clear skies.
• What happens at 60° north and south of the Equator?

  Surface air meets colder air from the poles, causing it to rise and creating low pressure.
• What are the conditions required for tropical storms to form?

  Ocean temperature of at least 26°C, water depth greater than 50m, and location between 5° and 30° north and south of the Equator.
• What are tropical storms?

  Tropical storms are extreme low-pressure weather systems that cause severe winds and torrential rain.
• What are the different names for tropical storms based on their geographical location?

  Cyclones in the Indian and South Pacific Oceans, hurricanes in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans, and typhoons in the west of the North Pacific Ocean.
• What is the process of tropical storm formation?

  1. Warm, moist air rises, creating low pressure.
  2. Cooler air is drawn in, causing winds.
  3. Cool air warms and rises.
  4. Rising air cools and condenses, forming clouds and rain.
  5. Latent heat powers the storm.
  6. Air spirals into the storm's center.
  7. Colder air sinks into the eye, creating calm.
  8. The storm grows until landfall or colder seas slow it down.
• How does the Coriolis force affect tropical storms?

  The Coriolis force causes winds to bend and cyclones to spin, with different directions in each hemisphere.
• How does climate change affect tropical storms?

  • Frequency may remain the same or decrease.
  • More storms may be classified as severe (category 4 or 5).
  • Increased intensity due to rising sea temperatures.
  • Rising sea levels increase flooding risk in coastal areas.
• What happens to tropical storms as sea temperatures rise?

  Storms may become more intense and develop in areas further north or south of the Equator.
• What are the conditions required for tropical storms to form?

  Warm ocean temperatures, sufficient water depth, and specific geographical locations.
• What is the typical season for tropical storms?

  Late summer and early autumn.
• What are tropical storms classified as?

  Extreme low-pressure weather systems.
• Why can't tropical storms form more than 30° north or south of the Equator?

  Because the water is not warm enough and the Coriolis force is not great enough.
• What are the different names for tropical storms based on their geographical location?

  Cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons.
• What are the steps in the formation of tropical storms?

  1. Warm, moist air rises, creating low pressure.
  2. Cooler air is drawn in, causing winds.
  3. The cool air warms and takes on moisture.
  4. Rising warm air cools and condenses, forming clouds.
  5. Latent heat released powers the storm.
  6. Air spirals into the storm's center due to Earth's rotation.
  7. Colder air sinks into the storm's eye, creating calm.
  8. The storm grows until it reaches land or colder seas.
• How does the Coriolis force affect tropical storms?

  It causes winds to bend and cyclones to spin.
• In which direction do storms swirl in the northern hemisphere?

  Anticlockwise.
• In which direction do storms swirl in the southern hemisphere?

  Clockwise.
• What are the effects of climate change on tropical storms?

  • Frequency may remain the same or decrease.
  • More storms may be classified as severe (category 4 or 5).
  • Increased intensity due to rising sea temperatures.
  • Higher rainfall and stronger winds.
  • Greater risk of flooding due to rising sea levels.
  • Development of storms further north or south of the Equator.
• What are the primary effects of tropical storms?

  • High rainfall and storm surges lead to flooding.
  • Destruction of buildings and transport links.
  • Injuries and fatalities from flooding and debris.
  • Contamination of water supplies.
  • Damage to electricity and communication networks.
  • Food shortages from crop and livestock destruction.
  • Displacement of people.
• What are the secondary effects of tropical storms?

  • Spread of disease due to contaminated water.
  • Long-term food shortages from crop destruction.
  • Extended repair times for damaged infrastructure.
  • Economic damage from loss of tourism and trade.
  • Landslides triggered by heavy rainfall.
• What factors determine the severity of a tropical storm's effects?

  The storm's size, strength, and location.
• What are the immediate responses to tropical storms?

  • Evacuate people from the storm.
  • Provide shelter and rescue operations.
  • Set up homes for displaced individuals.
  • Provide clean water, food, and sanitation.
  • Send medical teams to assist and treat injuries.
• What are the three Ps in response to tropical storms?

  • Prediction: Use technology to forecast storms.
  • Protection: Build resilient structures and flood defenses.
  • Planning: Provide disaster kits and evacuation routes.