AO3

• What method did Griffiths use to study gamblers' thoughts?

  Introspection
• What did Griffiths' introspection reveal about gamblers?

  Insights into their behavior
• Who is considered the 'father' of psychology?

  • Freddie Quigley
  • Major influence on cognitive and behaviorist approaches
  • Established the first scientific laboratory, textbook, and journal
• What is a limitation of Griffiths' subjective approach?

  It uses case studies with unrepresentative samples
• Why might subjects in Griffiths' studies hide their thoughts?

  Subjects may lie or hide thoughts in self-report
• What characterizes Griffiths' scientific approach?

  • Conducted in a controlled lab environment
  • Standardized procedures
  • Set an example for future scientific approaches
• What is a criticism of Griffiths' approach regarding gender bias?

  It centers around male experiences, making it less effective for women
• What does it mean that Griffiths' theories are considered unscientific?

  They cannot be falsified as they happen unconsciously
• What was Griffiths' application of psychoanalysis?

  • First attempt to treat disorders psychologically
  • Fore-runner in talking therapy
  • Inappropriate for some disorders
• How does Griffiths' approach view the nature vs. nurture debate?

  It sees all behavior as learned and ignores biological factors
• What ethical concern is raised regarding animal research in Griffiths' studies?

  Animals were housed in harsh, cramped conditions
• What does Griffiths' scientific approach measure?

  • Observable behavior
  • Stimulus-response relationships
  • Causal relationships
• What is reciprocal determinism in Griffiths' theory?

  We are influenced by our environment but also influence it by choice
• What are demand characteristics in Griffiths' studies?

  They refer to how children's behavior is influenced in lab studies
• How does Griffiths' application help us understand learning from others?

  • Shows how children adapt to gender norms
  • Highlights the influence of cultural norms
  • Demonstrates imitation of gender roles in media
• What is the significance of person-centered therapy in Griffiths' application?

  • Encourages connection
  • Promotes freedom of expression
• What is a positive aspect of Griffiths' approach to human behavior?

  It promotes a positive image of the human condition
• What is an imposed etic in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

  It implies that not all countries value the same needs
• What is machine reductionism in Griffiths' theory?

  • Oversimplifies the complexity of the mind
  • Ignores emotion and motivation
• How does cognitive neuroscience combine different fields?

  • Merges biology and cognitive psychology
  • Uses controlled and rigorous study methods
• What are some applications of the cognitive approach?

  • AI development
  • Improving eyewitness testimony (EWT)
  • Development of robots
• What is the purpose of psychoactive drugs in Griffiths' application?

  To help people with depression live better lives
• How does Griffiths' approach ensure objective data collection?

  By using precise methods for genetic and neurochemical factors
• What does determinism imply in Griffiths' theory?

  Human behavior is caused by internal genetic factors
• What is the nomothetic approach in Griffiths' theory?

  • General laws that apply to everyone
  • Fails to account for individual differences
• What did Taylor's ISI research find about conformity?

  Participants conformed to incorrect answers when questions got hard
• What did Asch's NSI research reveal about conformity?

  Participants conformed rather than getting the answer right
• What is beta gender bias in Griffiths' research?

  All male research presuming women are the same
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Griffiths' scientific approach?

  Strengths:

  • High control and standardized procedures

  Weaknesses:

  • Lacks ecological validity
• What does the nomothetic approach assume about conformity?

  Everyone conforms in the same way for the same reasons
• What ethical issues arose from Griffiths' research on obedience?

  Physical and psychological harm caused to participants
• What is ethnocentrism in Griffiths' research?

  Western bias that cannot be generalized to all cultures
• What does the research by Hofling demonstrate about obedience?

  95% of nurses obeyed an unfamiliar doctor's instructions
• What ethical concerns were raised in Griffiths' research regarding deception?

  Participants thought shocks were real, raising ethical concerns
• What did Orne and Holland find regarding internal validity?

  Participants guessed shocks were fake, affecting internal validity
• What ethical issues arose from Griffiths' research regarding seizures?

  Seizures were caused, raising ethical concerns
• What did Bickman's research demonstrate about obedience?

  Confederates in security guard uniforms were more likely to be obeyed
• What does Griffiths' research suggest about personality and obedience?

  It ignores the role of personality and oversimplifies obedient behaviors
• What did the two peers rebel study find about conformity?

  Conformity dropped from 65% to 10% when peers refused
• What is a criticism of Griffiths' research regarding social behavior?

  Social behavior in fake situations is not representative of actual behavior