Criminal surveillance

• Liquid surveillance 

  all the ways that we are monitored from number plate recognition, store cards to CCTV means that we are constantly monitored and aware of that monitoring. 
• Self surveillance 

  people monitoring themselves and their behaviour due to the fear of being judged by others.
• Physical cameras 

  For example CCTV
• Surveillance societies (Lyon)

  Modern society and technology has reached the point where our lives are quite transparent and there is a lack of privacy. Our every move, is monitored but it has become so routine that we no longer notice it or consider it consciously.
• Disciplinary societies (Foucault)

  societies which do not use physical punishment to control its people but control the mind through surveillance. This has also led to a Carceral Culture (prison like) where the disciplinary power has moved to other areas of society beyond the CJS such as teacher, social workers and psychiatrists who monitor the population.
• Synoptic surveillance (Matheison)

  Everyone is watching everyone else through the power of the media and social media. This can be through camera p dashcams and social media. This leads to greater self surveillance. This items have also allowed for society to exercise some control over the controllers such as filming police wrong doing.
• Actuarial justice (feely and Simon)

  New technology of power, not interested in rehabilitation but in preventing offending through the use of similar algorithms to insurance actuaries. Airports use this to determine who to stop and search based on risk factors and profiling. It identifies and classify groups based on perceived levels of dangerousness.
• Post panoptical society (Bauman and Lyon)

  It is not just the thought of being watched but the knowledge that we are actually being monitored which controls our behaviour. Liquid surveillance means that we are constantly being monitored from where we drive to what we buy
• Killburn Experiment (Newburn and Heyman)

  CCTV is as much a protection as an erosion of civil liberties. Given access to Kilburn custody suites for 18 months. Saw that CCTV could be used by defence lawyers as much as prosecution. Can also be used to protect law enforcement against claims of brutality.
• Why is surveillance good ?

  Helps reduce the fear of crime.

  People feel less of a fear of being a victim of crime when they are aware of CCTV and other surveillance systems, as they believe that there is a greater chance of the perpetrator being caught so they are less likely to commit crime.

  Helps to fight against terrorism.

  Using data mining and social media monitoring links are able to be made between disparate terrorist groups

  Provides evidence

  Both for the prosecution and the defence.
• Why is surveillance not good ?

  Oppressive form of social control - A few watching the many allows for the ruling class to shape the behaviour of the working class.

  Limited evidence that it changes behaviour - Norris found that although CCTV reduced crime in car parks it did little to reduce other sorts of crime. Loveday and Gill – Burglars, shoplifters and fraudsters were not put off by CCTV.

  Erosion of civil liberties - Every action we take is monitored there is no such thing as privacy and our actions can be used against us at any time.