The end of Cold War from 1985-1991

• How old was Mikhail Gorbachev when he became leader in 1985?

  54 years old
• What was Gorbachev's intention regarding Communism?

  He wanted to reform Communism and improve the lives of the Soviet people
• Who did Gorbachev's ideas resemble in Czechoslovakia?

  They were similar to those of Dubcek
• What does Glasnost mean?

  Openness
• What did Glasnost encourage?

  Free speech and the freedom to criticize the Party
• What does Perestroika mean?

  Economic restructuring
• How did the USA initially react to Glasnost?

  They found it hard to believe due to the USSR's cover-up of the Chernobyl disaster
• What was the goal of Perestroika?

  To make the economy more similar to western countries
• What power would business managers have under Perestroika?

  They would decide what products to make and how to make them
• What would happen to businesses that did not make a profit under Perestroika?

  They would be closed down
• What was Gorbachev's experience in foreign affairs when he became leader?

  He had no experience
• How did Gorbachev initially feel about Reagan?

  He did not hit it off with Reagan and described him negatively
• What was Gorbachev willing to do regarding Soviet control over Eastern Europe?

  He was willing to end Soviet control peacefully
• What did Gorbachev abandon that was associated with Soviet control?

  The Brezhnev Doctrine
• How did Reagan view Gorbachev's leadership?

  As a chance to end the Cold War
• How many key meetings occurred between Reagan and Gorbachev between 1985 and 1987?

  Three key meetings
• Why did both leaders want to cut arms spending?

  Gorbachev's need was greater due to the USSR being bankrupt
• What was Gorbachev's stance on the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)?

  He tried to force the Americans to give it up
• What was "Gorbamania"?

  A huge wave of enthusiasm for Gorbachev in the West
• What realization did both sides come to by 1987?

  That the other superpower was not going to start a war
• What significant event occurred at the Geneva Summit in 1985?

  Both leaders started to build a working relationship
• What did Gorbachev do to impress Reagan before the Geneva Summit?

  He sacked the hardline Soviet foreign minister Gromyko
• What breakthrough occurred at the Reykjavik Summit in 1986?

  Both sides realized their seriousness about ending the arms race
• What was Reagan's suggestion at the Reykjavik Summit regarding nuclear missiles?

  To get rid of all nuclear missiles
• What treaty was signed at the Washington Summit in 1987?

  The INF Treaty
• What did the INF Treaty entail?

  It was an agreement to scrap all medium-range nuclear missiles
• What was the significance of the INF Treaty?

  It was the first treaty to reduce the number of weapons between the superpowers
• Who succeeded Reagan as President in January 1989?

  George H.W. Bush
• What agreement did Bush and Gorbachev start working on at the Malta Summit in 1989?

  The CFE Agreement and START I
• What did the CFE Agreement cover?

  All conventional forces and set limits for NATO and the Warsaw Pact
• Why did the CFE Agreement not work effectively?

  The Warsaw Pact was breaking up by the time it was signed
• What was START I about?

  It was an agreement to reduce nuclear weapons by 1/3
• What did Glasnost and Perestroika raise hopes for in Eastern Europe?

  For freedom
• What did Reagan call for in his June 1987 speech in West Berlin?

  For the Berlin Wall to be removed
• What did Gorbachev announce in December 1988 regarding Soviet forces?

  They would start to be removed from Eastern European satellite states
• What did Gorbachev say about trade in Eastern Europe?

  Countries could trade wherever they wanted, ending Comecon
• What happened in Poland in 1989?

  Demonstrations forced the government to hold free elections
• Which party won the free elections in Poland in 1989?

  The anti-Communist party Solidarity
• What significant event occurred in Hungary in 1989?

  Demonstrations forced the government to agree to free elections
• What did the Hungarian government do in August 1989?

  Opened its border with Austria