Until Cellular Respiration

• Who is considered the father of plant physiology?

  Stephen Hales
• What did Stephen Hales pioneer in his research?

  Quantitative physiology
• How is transpiration in plants similar to perspiration in animals?

  Both processes involve the loss of water
• What is root pressure in plants?

  Root pressure is the capacity of roots to absorb water through capillary action
• What did Jan Baptista Van Helmont use in his experiment?

  A willow tree
• Why did Van Helmont choose a willow tree for his experiment?

  Because it is a fast-growing plant
• What was the weight of the willow tree after 5 years according to Van Helmont's experiment?

  1. 27 kg
• What did Van Helmont conclude about the growth of the willow tree?

  That water, not soil, contributed to the tree's growth
• Who discovered oxygen unknowingly?

  Joseph Priestley
• What was the outcome of Priestley's experiment with the rat and plant?

  The rat survived for several days with the plant present
• What did Priestley call oxygen before he understood its nature?

  "Dephlogisticated air"
• What did Jan Ingenhousz demonstrate about light and oxygen production?

  That light is essential for the production of oxygen by green plants
• What plant did Ingenhousz use in his photosynthesis experiment?

  Elodea
• What happens during the day and night in terms of gas exchange in plants?

  During the day, plants produce oxygen; at night, they consume carbon dioxide
• What are the three products of photosynthesis mentioned?

  Glucose, oxygen, and ATP
• What role do green parts of plants play in photosynthesis?

  They are responsible for producing oxygen
• Who demonstrated that plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis?

  Jean Senebier
• What did Senebier determine about the location of photosynthesis?

  That it occurs in the parenchyma, the green part of the leaf
• What did Senebier discover about the relationship between carbon dioxide and oxygen production?

  The amount of oxygen produced is linked to the amount of carbon dioxide available
• What is the significance of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

  Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and enables photosynthesis
• What is the chemical process of photosynthesis?

  It converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars
• What is the photosynthesis equation?

  $6CO_2 +$$6H_2O +$$\text{light} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2$
• What did Jean Senebier's experiment in 1782 investigate?

  The role of light in plant growth and photosynthesis
• What were the key findings of Senebier's experiment?

  Plants in light produce oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide
• What did Nicolas Theodore de Saussure's experiment focus on?

  The importance of water for the production of organic materials by plants
• What did Saussure measure in his experiment?

  Carbon dioxide absorption, oxygen production, water uptake, and plant growth
• What did Saussure conclude about the relationship between CO2 and O2?

  Plants absorb CO2 and release O2 in equal volumes
• What is the H2O hypothesis proposed by Saussure?

  That water is a reactant in photosynthesis
• What is the photosynthesis equation according to Saussure?

  $6CO_2 +$$6H_2O +$$\text{light} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2$
• What did Saussure's findings clarify about photosynthesis?

  They clarified the mechanism of photosynthesis and the importance of mineral nutrition
• What limitations did early studies of photosynthesis have?

  They did not understand light's role in energy transfer or chlorophyll's function
• What did quantitative studies measure in relation to photosynthesis?

  CO2 absorption and O2 production rates
• What experimental methods were used in quantitative studies?

  Sealed glass containers, eudiometers, thermometers, and varying light intensities
• What did Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen revise in their studies?

  The basic understanding of photosynthesis
• What was the student's misunderstanding regarding light's role in energy transfer?

  Didn't understand light's role in energy transfer.
• What function of chlorophyll was not explained by the student?

  Couldn't explain chlorophyll's function.
• What did the student fail to recognize regarding oxygen?

  Didn't recognize oxygen's evolution.
• What are the key quantitative studies conducted in the research?

  • Measured CO2 absorption and O2 production rates.
  • Determined water uptake and plant growth rates.
  • Quantified mineral and nutrient requirements.
  • Established stoichiometric relationships between reactants and products.
• What type of containers were used in the experiments?

  Used sealed glass containers with plants.
• How were gas volumes measured in the experiments?

  Measured gas volumes using eudiometers.