Photosynthesis

• Who is considered the father of plant physiology?

  Stephen Hales
• What did Stephen Hales pioneer in his research?

  Quantitative physiology
• How is transpiration in plants similar to perspiration in animals?

  Both processes involve the loss of water
• What is root pressure in plants?

  It is the capacity of roots to draw water through capillary action
• What did Jan Baptista Van Helmont use in his experiment?

  A willow tree
• Why did Van Helmont choose a willow tree for his experiment?

  Because it is a fast-growing plant
• What was the weight of the willow tree after 5 years according to Van Helmont's experiment?

  1. 27 kg
• What did Van Helmont conclude about the growth of the willow tree?

  That water, not soil, contributed to its growth
• Who discovered oxygen unknowingly?

  Joseph Priestley
• What was the outcome of Priestley's experiment with the rat and plant?

  The rat survived for several days with the plant
• What did Priestley call oxygen before he understood its significance?

  "Dephlogisticated air"
• What did Jan Ingenhousz demonstrate about light and oxygen production?

  That light is essential for oxygen production in green plants
• What plant did Ingenhousz use in his photosynthesis experiment?

  Elodea
• What happens during the day and night in terms of gas exchange in plants?

  During the day, plants produce oxygen; at night, they consume carbon dioxide
• What are the three products of photosynthesis mentioned?

  Glucose, oxygen, and ATP
• What role do green parts of plants play in photosynthesis?

  They are responsible for producing oxygen
• Who demonstrated that plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis?

  Jean Senebier
• What did Senebier determine about the location of photosynthesis?

  It occurs in the parenchyma, the green part of the leaf
• What did Senebier discover about the relationship between carbon dioxide and oxygen production?

  The amount of oxygen produced is linked to the amount of carbon dioxide available
• What is the significance of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

  It absorbs sunlight and enables photosynthesis
• What is the photosynthesis equation established by Saussure?

  $6CO_2 +$$6H_2O +$$\text{light} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2$
• What did Nicolas Theodore de Saussure's experiment reveal about water's role in photosynthesis?

  Water is essential for photosynthesis
• What did Saussure measure in his experiment on photosynthesis?

  Carbon dioxide absorption, oxygen production, water uptake, and plant growth
• What did Saussure propose about the reactants in photosynthesis?

  That water is a reactant alongside carbon dioxide
• What is the impact of Saussure's work on the understanding of photosynthesis?

  It established water's essential role in photosynthesis
• What limitations were identified in the understanding of plant photosynthesis?

  Did not understand light's role in energy transfer or chlorophyll's function
• What experimental methods were used in quantitative studies of photosynthesis?

  Sealed glass containers, gas volume measurements, and varying light intensities
• What did the quantitative findings establish about the photosynthesis equation?

  That $6CO_2 +$$6H_2O +$$\text{light} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2$ is the correct equation
• Who revised the basis of photosynthesis understanding?

  Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen
• What did Ruben and Kamen contribute to the understanding of photosynthesis?

  They revised the basis of photosynthesis understanding
• What is the role of light in energy transfer during photosynthesis?

  Light provides the energy needed for the process of photosynthesis.
• What is the function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

  Chlorophyll absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
• What is produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis?

  Oxygen is evolved as a byproduct of photosynthesis.
• What are the main quantitative studies conducted in photosynthesis research?

  • Measured CO2 absorption and O2 production rates.
  • Determined water uptake and plant growth rates.
  • Quantified mineral and nutrient requirements.
  • Established stoichiometric relationships between reactants and products.
• What experimental methods were used in the quantitative studies of photosynthesis?

  Sealed glass containers with plants were used for experiments.
• What device was used to measure gas volumes in the experiments?

  Eudiometers were used to measure gas volumes.
• What is the photosynthesis equation established in the quantitative findings?

  6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• How do CO2 absorption and O2 production relate in photosynthesis?

  CO2 absorption and O2 production occur in equal volumes.
• What is the relationship between water uptake and plant growth rates?

  Water uptake and plant growth rates correlate positively.
• What impact do mineral and nutrient deficiencies have on plant growth?

  Mineral and nutrient deficiencies negatively impact plant growth.