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ORGANIC 1
ALKANES
AQA CHEMISTRY
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Cards (35)
What is a Alkane ?
A
saturated
hydrocarbon
made up of
carbon
and
hydrogen
atoms only
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Why do longer Alkanes have higher boiling points ?
They have a
larger
surface
area
and more
electrons
So there will be more
Van
der
Waals
forces
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Why do branched Alkanes have lower boiling points ?
They have a
smaller
surface
area
and cannot
pack
as
tightly
together
So there will be
weaker
Van
der
Waals
forces
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What is a Saturated hydrocarbon ?
A hydrocarbon that only contains
single
bonds
between the
carbon
atoms
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What is a Unsaturated hydrocarbon ?
A hydrocarbon that contains at
least
one
double bond
between the
carbon
atoms
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What is Crude oil ?
A
mixture
of
hydrocarbon
chains
of
different
lengths
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What is Fractional distillation ?
When a
mixture
of
hydrocarbons
is
separated
into
fractions
with
similar
boiling
points
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Describe the process of Fractional distillation
The
crude
oil
is
vaporised
The vapour is passed into a
fractioning
column
which is
hot
at the
bottom
and
cooler
at the
top
The
longer
chain hydrocarbons will
condense
and be
collected
near the
bottom
of the column
The
shorter
chain hydrocarbons will
condense
and be
collected
near the
top
of the column as they have
lower
boiling
points
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What is the order of collection of Fractional distillation ?
(top to bottom)
Fuel
gases
-
LPG
Gasoline
-
Petrol
in
cars
Naphtha
-
Petrochemicals
Kerosene
-
Jet
fuel
Diesel
-
Diesel
in
cars
Residue
-
Bitumen
/
tar
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Why are longer chain hydrocarbons spilt up into smaller ones by cracking ?
Shorter
hydrocarbons are in
higher
demand
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The products are cracking are ...
More
valuable
and
useful
than the
starting
products
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What are the conditions for Thermal cracking ?
High Temperature
900
°C
High
Pressure
70atm
No
catalyst
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What are the products of Thermal cracking ?
Alkenes
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What are the conditions for Catalytic cracking ?
High Temperature
400
°C
Low
Pressure
1-2atm
Zeolite
catalyst
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What are the products of Catalytic cracking ?
Cyclic Alkanes
Branched
Alkanes
Aromatics
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How do you test for Alkenes ?
Add
Bromine
water
If present change from
orange
to
colourless
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What is produced in the complete combustion of Alkanes ?
Heat,
Carbon dioxide
and
Water
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What is produced in the incomplete combustion of Alkanes
Heat,
Carbon monoxide
and
Water
Or
Heat,
Carbon
and
Water
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How are Nitrogen oxides produced ?
When there is energy
energy
in the
air
for
Nitrogen
and
Oxygen
to
react
(
high
temperature)
N2
+
O2
>
2NO
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How is Sulfur dioxide produced ?
Combustion
of
Sulfur
It is
dangerous
because it forms
acid rain
which can be
harmful
to the
environment
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Why are Carbon particulates and unburnt hydrocarbons a pollutant ?
They form
Smog
in the
atmosphere
This can cause
global
dimming
and
respiratory
issues
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What is flue gas desulfurisation ?
The process used by
power stations
to remove
SO2 from
waste gases.
It reacts SO2 with
Calcium oxide
or Calcium
carbonate
CaO
+
SO2
>
CaSO3
2CaSO3
+
O2
>
2CaSO4
(
gypsum
)
View source
What do catalytic converters do ?
React
pollutants
together to make
less
harmful
products
2CO
+
2NO
>
N2
+
2CO2
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What are catalytic converters made out of ?
Why are they honeycomb shaped ?
Platinum
or
Rhodium
metals
To provide a
large
surface
area
and so
little
of the
expensive
metal
is required
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How is global warming caused ?
Greenhouse gases
absorb
IR radiation
from the
sun
which causes them to
heat
up
and their
bonds
vibrate
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What does a molecule have to have to be considered a greenhouse gas ?
Polar bonds
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What is the name of the process where alkanes react with halogens under UV light to form haloalkanes ?
Free radical substitution
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What are the 3 stages of Free radical substitution ?
Initiation
,
Propagation
and
Termination
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What happens in Initiation ?
UV light
breaks
the
bond
between
2
chlorine
atoms
to form
2
chlorine
free radicals
Cl2
>
2Cl•
View source
What happens in Propagation ?
1
radical
and
1
non-radical
react :
Cl•
+
CH4
>
CH3•
+
HCl
CH3•
+
Cl2
>
CH3Cl
+
Cl•
View source
What happens in Termination ?
2
radicals
react to form a
non-radical
:
2Cl•
>
Cl2
2CH3•
>
C2H6
Cl•
+
CH3•
>
CH3Cl
View source
What are Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) ?
Haloalkanes
that contain
no
hydrogen
atoms
View source
How do CFC's deplete the ozone layer ?
CFC's are
broken
down
by
UV light
to form
Chlorine free radicals
which react with
ozone
Cl•
+
O3
>
ClO•
+
O2
ClO•
+
O3
>
Cl•
+
2O2
View source
What is the overall equation for the breakdown of Ozone to Oxygen ?
2O3
>
3O2
View source
Why does Chlorine act as a catalyst for the breakdown of the Ozone layer ?
No
Chlorine
radicals
are
lost
in the process
View source
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