protein production

• All eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells includes the nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, centrioles, ribosomes, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.
• Proteins are produced on ribosomes and transported from the RER to the Golgi apparatus for modification and packaging into vesicles.
• Golgi apparatus packages proteins into vesicles for transport within the cell or for exocytosis.
• proteins are made at the ribosomes
• ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum make the proteins that are excreted or attached to the cell membrane. the free ribosomes in the cytoplasm make proteins that stay in the cytoplasm
• 3) new proteins produced at the rough ER are folded and processed (e.g. sugar chains added) in the rough ER
• 4) Then they're transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles
• 5) At the Golgi apparatus, proteins undergo further processing (e.g. sugar chains trimmed or added) and are also modified and then packaged
• 6) the proteins enter more vesicles to be transported around the cell E.g. glycoproteins (found in mucus) move to cell surface and are secreted