Diseases

• define antibiotic


  • a drug made by microorganisms
  • that can kill BACTERIA
• why should antibiotics not be used too often?


  • prevent them from becoming resistant and surviving
  • most of them will become resistant eventually
• what are the possible effects of X-rays on bacteria?


  • change in DNA
  • it will cause mutations
  • which makes them resistant to antibiotics
• how does the structure of bacterium differ from virus?


  • bacterium has flagellum
  • bacterium has cell wall
• what are the effects of HIV on the immune system?


  • attacks lymphocytes
  • resulting in fewer anti bodies being produced
  • infected cells cant be killed by the immune system
  • makes phagocytes less effective
  • leads to AIDS
• active immunity?


  body made memory cells and antibodies already

  • vaccination
  • contracting the disease before and recovered from it
• passive immunity?


  antibodies are passed from mom to baby

  • breastfeeding passive
• what cells produce antibodies?


  white blood cells or lymphocytes
• why is it important for newborn babies to have antibodies?


  • provides passive immunity for baby
  • protects against pathogens that mom has had
  • to develop their immune system by boosting it
• what are advantages of breastfeeding compared to formula?


  • free
  • sterile
  • bonding with mother
  • easily available
• antibiotics can treat diseases caused by 


  bacteria and fungi
• how do antibiotics work?


  thye destroy cell walls, killing em
• how do anibiotics work for the treatment of bacteria infection?


  • inhibit synthesis of bacterias cell wall
  • protein
  • enzyme action
  • cell membrane
  • of bacteria and fungi
• why is it dangerous to misuse antibiotics?


  • can change bacterial genes, causing mutation
  • that may result in the bacteria being antibiotic resistant
  • future generations will be resistant
• where are the eye muscles located (SL AND CILIARY)


  sl atas, ciliary bawah
• how is HIV spread?


  • unprotected sex
  • breast milk
  • sharing needles
• define drug


  any substance taken into the body that affects chemical reactions in the body
• why cant antibiotics kill viruses?


  they dont have structures to target