Word Formation

• Word Formation

  • denotes either a state or a process
  • can also be viewed either diachronically or synchronically
• Types of Word Formation

  1. Affixation or Derivation
  2. Coinage
  3. Borrowing
  4. Compounding
  5. Blending
  6. Clipping
  7. Backformation
  8. Conversion or Functional Shift
  9. Acronym
  10. Folk Etymology
  11. Reduplication
  12. Echolism or Onomatopoeia
• Affixation or Derivation

  • the process of adding an affix to a word to create a different form of that word or a new word with a different meaning
• Types of Affixation

  • Prefix
  • Suffix
  • Infix
  • Circumfix
• Examples of Suffix

  A) Anti-

  B) De-

  C) Dis-

  D) Em-

  E) En-

  F) Fore-

  G) In-

  H) Inter-

  I) Im-

  J) Mid-

  K) Mis-

  L) Non-

  
• Examples of Suffix

  A) -age

  B) -ance

  C) -ant

  D) -ee

  E) -ence

  F) -er/-or

  G) -ery

  H) -ess

  I) -ful

  J) -ing

  K) -ion

  
• Coinage

  • the invention of totally new terms
  • invented trade names are typical examples
• ASPIRIN (Coinage)


  Aspirin is derived from the words acetylation and spir(spor) or salicylic acid which are primary chemicals that are used to make aspirin.
• ZIPPER (Coinage)


  The origin of the word zipper comes from the word zip-fastener or a slide fastener.
• TEFLON (Coinage)


  Teflon is a shortened term for tetrafluoron. It is a type of plastic that does not have a reaction with other substances.
• Borrowing

  • the process of taking words from other languages
• CROISSANT (Borrowing)

  • borrowed from the French language, and it means "bread that is light and flaky."
• GENRE (Borrowing)

  • borrowed from the French language, and it means "kind or style."
• KARAOKE (Borrowing)

  • borrowed from the Japanese language, and it means a form of entertainment wherein people sing using a microphone and a pre-recorded music track.
• Compounding

  • refers to the process of joining two or more independent words to produce a new form
• Types of Compounding

  • Open Compounds
  • ice cream
  • Closed Compounds
  • toothbrush
  • Hyphenated Compounds
  • mother-in-law
  • self-esteem
• Blending

  • a process of creating a new word by combining the parts of two different words, usually the beginning of one word and the end of another
• MOTEL (Blending)

  • blended from the words motor and hotel
  • usually stay for a short period of time before they head to their intended destination
• CAMCORDER (Blending)

  • blended from the words camera and recorder
  • used for video recordings
• Diachronic


  through different periods in history
• Synchronic


  at one particular period in time
• Clipping

  • involves reduction of syllables in a word
  • new words are created by shortening parts of a longer word
• Examples of Clipping

  • flu (influenza)
  • ad (advertisement)
  • fax (facsimile)
  • Math (Mathematics)
• Backformation

  • another special kind of reduction where a word of one type (may be a noun) is reduced to another word of another type (may be a verb)
• Conversion or Functional Shift

  • new words are often formed by changing an existing word from one part of speech to another
• Acronym

  • new words are formed from the initial letters of a set of words
• Folk Etymology

  • the changing of a word or a phrase over time which results from the replacement of an unfamiliar term by a more familiar one
• Folk Etymology

  • the changing of a word or a phrase over time which results from the replacement of an unfamiliar term by a more familiar one
• Reduplication

  • a process of forming new words by (total reduplication) or part of a word (partial reduplication)
• Echoism or Onomatopoeia

  • new words are formed by imitating sounds
• Identify the kind of word formation used in each word below.

  keychain = Compounding

  chillax = Blending

  meme = Coinage

  DSWD = Acronym
• Identify the kind of word formation used below

  • Backformation
  • The government needs to bulldoze the cliff.
• Identify the kind of word formation used below

  • Backformation
  • I need to babysit my younger sister this weekend.
• Identify the kind of word formation used below

  • Backformation
  • My grandfather was diagnosed with liver cancer.
• Identify the kind of word formation used below

  • Backformation
  • I did not know that the interview will be televised.
• Examples of Acronym

  • CD (compact disc)
  • Laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)
  • DepEd (Department of Education)
• Identify the kind of word formation used below

  • Reduplication
  • The theater play was a super-duper tearjerker.
• Identify the kind of word formation used below

  
  

  Reduplication

  • I bought a teeny-weeny box for my ring.
• Identify the kind of word formation used below

  
  

  Reduplication

  • I lost my flip-flops on the beach.
• Identify the kind of word formation used below

  • Echoism or Onomatopoeia
  • The screeching of the car’s tires was heard inside the house.