Research methods

• what is covert research ?

  Undercover research
• What is overt research ?

  research that is known
• What is Hawthone effect ?

  change of behaviour by people when they are aware that they are being observed.
• What is value freedom ?

  Researchers keep personal bias out of research
• what is objectivity ?


  Impartiality
• empathy ?


  The ability to understand and share the feelings of others.
• what is going native ?

  Blending in the group your studying too much
• how Do positivists criticise interprentivists ?

  Going native
• Ñame 3 positivists theories (structuralists)?

  functionalists

  Marxists

  feminists
• 2 notions to structuralists when collecting data?

  1. Quantitive 2. Social facts
• Ñame 4 internacionalists theorises ?

  1. labelling
  2. symbolic interactionists
  3. ethomethodolgy
  4. Post modernism
• 2 notions to interprenvists when collecting data?

  1. qualitive
  2. social constructions
• What are questionnaires ?

  a list of questions
• strengths of questionnaires ?

  1. Quick and cheap
  2. no hawthone effect
  3. standardised questions (reliable)
• cons of questionnaires ?

  1. Questions may be misleading
  2. validity
• What are structured interviews ?

  where people are asked a set list of questions
• Strengths of structured interviews?

  1. High response rate
  2. repeatable
• Cons of structured interviews ?

  1. Bias,
  2. limited flexibility.
  3. more
  4. expensive
• structured interview example: Chubb and moe
• Chubb and miles study is called ?

  parental attitudes towards education
• What are unstructured interviews ?

  Interviews that do not follow a set of questions and allow for open-ended responses.
• Strengths of unstructured interviews ?

  1. Informal
  2. builds rapport
  3. vestehen
• Cons of unstructured interviews are:

  1. Used with smaller samples
  2. hawthone effect
• What is a semi-structured interviews ?

  combination of both open and closed questions
• What is a group interview?

  8-10 taking turns to talk
• Strengths of group interviews ?

  1. practical
• Cons with group interviews?

  1. Dominant personalities
  2. social desirability effect
• What are non participant observations ?

  No social interaction between researcher and participants
• Strengths of non participan observation ?

  1. Ethical

  2. Quantitive therefore reliable
• Cons of non participation observation ?

  1. Hawthone effect
  2. non representing
• what is covert particI pant observation?

  participants are not aware of research
• Strengths of covert ?

  1. Qualitative data
  2. natural environment (validity)
• Cons of covert participant observation ?

  1. Going native
  2. deceptive
• What is overt participant observations ?

  Observing and participating in a research setting openly and with the knowledge of the participants.
• Strength of overt ?

  1. Natural enviroment (validity)
  2. qualitative
• Cons of overt ?

  1. Hawthone effect
  2. unreliable
• what are lab experiments ?

  Controlled experiments conducted in a laboratory setting to test hypotheses and gather data.
• Strengths of lab experiments ?

  1. Researcher has control
  2. reliable
  3. quantitative
• Cons of lab experiments ?

  1. Artificial
  2. moral and ethical issues
• What are field experiments ?

  experiments carried in a natural setting