Mitosis

• What type of cells are diploid cells?

  Cells containing two sets of each chromosome
• How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

  23 pairs
• What are 'normal' body cells classified as?

  Diploid cells
• What forms chromosomes in cells?

  DNA
• What is the purpose of mitosis?

  To divide 'normal' body cells to make new cells
• Why is mitosis needed?

  For growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
• What is interphase in relation to mitosis?

  It is not part of mitosis but the cycle starts here
• What happens during interphase?

  DNA in the nucleus replicates
• What are the stages of mitosis?

  1. Prophase: The nucleus disappears and spindle fibers appear.
  2. Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
  3. Anaphase: Chromosomes move away from each other towards the poles.
  4. Telophase: Two new nuclei form around each set of chromosomes.
  5. Cytokinesis: The cell splits forming two new identical diploid cells.
• What causes cancer in relation to cell growth?

  Uncontrolled cell growth due to mutations in DNA
• What are percentile charts used for?

  To see if babies are growing properly
• What do percentile charts show?

  The percentage of babies at a certain height or weight for their age
• What is growth in biological terms?

  The change in length or mass of an organism
• How does growth occur in humans?

  Through division of cells by mitosis followed by differentiation
• What methods can be used to measure growth in humans?

  • Using scales
  • Using a tape measure
  • Comparing age ranges and heights
• What are substrates?


  The reactants in biological reactions
• What does DNA form?

  Chromones
• How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have in every cell?

  23 pairs
• What are normal body cells?

  Diploid
• What are diploid cells?

  Cells containing two sets of each chromosome (23 pairs in humans)
• What is mitosis?


  The division of "normal" body cells to make new cells
• What is mitosis needed for?

  • Growth
  • Repair
  • Asexual reproduction
• What is the acronym for remembering the steps of mitosis?

  IPMATC
• What are the steps of mitosis?

  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
• What step of cell division isn't included in mitosis?

  Interphase
• What happens in interphase?

  The cell cycle begins here - DNA in the nuclease replicates - 46 to 92 chromosomes
• What happens in prophase?

  The nucleus disappears and spindle fibres appear
• What happens in metaphase?

  The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
• What happens in anaphase?

  Chromones are pulled away from each other - by spindle fibres - to the poles of the cell
• What happens in telophase?

  Two new nuclei form around each set of chromosomes
• What happens in cytokinesis?

  The cells split forming two new - genetically identical - diploid - daughter cells
• What is the equation for calculating mitotic index?

  (Number of cells in mitosis / Total number of cells counted) x 100
• What is growth?


  The change in length or mass of an organism
• How does growth occur in humans?

  Due to division of cells through mitosis then by differentiation
• How can you measure growth in humans?

  • Using scales
  • Using a tape measure
  • Comparing age ranges height
• What are percentile charts used for?

  Seeing if babies are growing properly
• What do percentile graphs show?

  The percentage of babies at that height or weight at the age so that other babies can be compared against it
• What is cancer caused by?

  Uncontrolled cell divisions and growth
• What cause uncontrolled cell divisions and growth?

  Mutations in the DNA
• What can uncontrolled cell division or growth be caused by?

  • Older age
  • A family history of cancer
  • Obesity
  • Alcohol
  • Exposure to radiation
  • Viral infections
  • Specific chemicals
  • Using tobacco products