Urban futures

• What is suburbanisation?

  It is when people move out of city centres to the outer edge.
• What are some causes of suburbanisation?

  High population, pollution, cheaper land, and quality of life.
• What is a consequence of suburbanisation?

  Urban sprawl and the introduction of green belts.
• What is counter urbanisation?

  It is when people move from cities to the countryside.
• What led to counter urbanisation in the UK during the second half of the 20th century?

  Deindustrialisation caused many UK cities to decline.
• What is reurbanisation?

  It is when people move back into cities.
• What aims does urban regeneration have?

  To create new homes, improve the environment, and enhance quality of life.
• By 2050, what percentage of the population is expected to live in cities?

  70%
• What are some urban opportunities mentioned?

  Quality of life, life expectancy, employment, and sustainability.
• What are some urban challenges mentioned?

  Inequality, segregation, slums, overpopulation, and environmental damage.
• What defines a mega city?

  A population of more than 20 million.
• What is the population of Birmingham?

  1. 1 million.
• How has Birmingham's economy changed over time?

  Manufacturing declined, and the city has regenerated into a cultural and shopping center.
• What are some global connections of Birmingham?

  TNCs like Cadbury in Ghana and the Jewellery Quarter.
• What is the significance of migration from Eastern Europe to Birmingham?

  It has brought 12,000 international students.
• What transport links are available in Birmingham?

  HS2, airport railway, and trams.
• What demographic trend is observed in Birmingham?

  Birmingham has a large young population.
• What is studentification?

  It refers to the influx of students leading to employment and younger families.
• What was the diversity trend in Birmingham from the 1950s to 2011?

  Initially from South Asia and the Middle East, later from Eastern Europe, Africa, and the Middle West.
• What percentage of Birmingham's population identified as white British in 2011?

  53%
• How do most of Birmingham's population identify themselves?

  86% see themselves as British.
• What is the significance of the Bullring in Birmingham?

  • Reopened in 2003 as Europe's largest shopping centre.
  • Originally a lower reputation area in the 1960s.
  • Features pedestrian streets to attract shoppers.
  • Contains 160 shops and 12 department stores.
• What is the inequality situation in Birmingham?

  There is a disparity between areas like sutton four oaks and Sparkbrook.
• What are some indicators of inequality in Birmingham?

  Lack of services such as healthcare and education.
• Where are the highest levels of unemployment found in Birmingham?

  Inwards closest to the city centre, like Sparkbrook.
• How does Sutton four oaks compare to Birmingham in terms of quality of life?

  Sutton Coldfield has higher life expectancy and lower deprivation.
• What are the housing provision indicators of deprivation in Birmingham?

  • Poor housing conditions.
  • Segregation between rich and poor.
  • Deprived areas lacking adequate housing.
• What is the sustainable plan for Birmingham?

  • Greener economy
  • low carbon technology.
  • Use of solar panels
  • efficient transport.
  • Better planning
  • healthier people.
• What are the features of the Birmingham library?

  • Built on a Brownfield site, reusing land.
  • Includes a roof garden attracting wildlife.
  • Utilizes natural daylight and ventilation.
  • Harvests and recycles water.
  • Employs 250 local builders and recycles 95% of waste.
• How many visitors does the Birmingham library attract?

  2.5 million visitors.
• How does the Bullring contribute to education in Birmingham?

  It promotes and improves education.
• What is urbanisation?

  The growth of people living in towns and cities
• What is a mega city?

  An area with a population over 10 million
• Give an example of a mega city.

  Paris
• What is a conurbation?

  A merging of neighbouring cities
• What percentage of current mega cities are found in LIDCs and EDCs?

  2/3
• What are the reasons for city growth?

  Increased life expectancy, natural population increase, migration, and economic development
• What is a world city?

  A city that has influence over the whole world
• What are some functions of cities?

  Market, employment, administration, defense, entertainment, transport hub, religion, residential, culture
• What are push factors in rural-urban migration?

  Natural disasters, lack of services, and overpopulation