Hormones

• What happens to body cells in relation to hormones in families?

  Body cells no longer respond to hormones.
• What are secondary sexual characteristics?

  They are traits that develop during puberty in boys and girls.
• What causes changes in boys and girls during puberty?


  These changes are caused by sex hormones.
• What is the relevance of secondary sexual characteristics in reproduction?

  They are important for sexual maturity and reproductive capability.
• What hormone is secreted by the ovaries?

  Oestrogen.
• What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

  It inhibits FSH production and stimulates LH release.
• What does progesterone do during the menstrual cycle?

  It maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle.
• How do oestrogen and progesterone interact in the menstrual cycle?

  Oestrogen promotes the growth of the uterine lining, while progesterone maintains it.
• What hormone do the testes produce?

  Testosterone.
• What are the effects of testosterone in males?

  It develops male secondary sexual characteristics and stimulates sperm production.
• What hormones do the ovaries produce?

  Oestrogen and progesterone.
• What is the function of FSH in females?

  It causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries.
• What does LH do in the menstrual cycle?

  It stimulates the release of an egg at ovulation.
• What is the role of the pituitary gland?

  It releases hormones and controls several other glands in the body.
• What is the primary function of progesterone?

  It is involved in the growth and maintenance of the uterus lining.
• What are the stages of the menstrual cycle?

  1. Menstruation (days 0-5)
  2. Repair of the uterus lining (Stage 1)
  3. Ovulation (Stage 2)
  4. Maintenance of the uterus lining (Stage 4)
• How does FSH affect oestrogen levels?

  FSH stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen.
• What is IVF?

  IVF stands for in vitro fertilisation, where fertilisation occurs outside the woman's body.
• Why might women take hormones to increase fertility?

  To stimulate egg maturation and release when FSH levels are too low.
• What are the potential issues with hormone injections for fertility?

  They can lead to multiple pregnancies and are emotionally and physically stressful.
• What are the steps involved in IVF?

  1. The sperm is collected from the man's testes.
  2. The egg is removed from the woman's ovaries.
  3. One sperm fertilises one egg in a petri dish.
  4. The fertilised embryo is implanted into the womb.
• What are some methods of contraception?

  Oral contraceptives, barrier methods, and surgical methods.
• What do oral contraceptives do?

  They contain hormones to inhibit FSH production.
• What is the function of barrier methods of contraception?

  They prevent sperm from reaching an egg.
• What do intrauterine devices do?

  They prevent the implantation of an embryo.
• What is the role of spermicidal agents?

  They kill or disable sperm.
• What is the purpose of abstaining from intercourse as a contraceptive method?

  It prevents any chance of pregnancy.
• What are surgical methods of contraception?

  They involve male and female sterilisation.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of contraception methods?

  Advantages:

  • Prevents unwanted pregnancies
  • Variety of methods available

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Some methods can have side effects
  • Not all methods are 100% effective