Pain

• What is the primary objective of the 'Pain' workbook?

  To gain an understanding of pain and the systems influenced by it
• Why is it important for nurses to assess pain?

  Because it is crucial for effective pain management and patient recovery
• What are the different pain assessment tools used in pediatrics?

  FLACC, Wong and Baker, NRS, and SOCRATES
• How is pain defined in the workbook?

  As an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience unique to individuals
• What can happen if pain is left untreated?

  It can have harmful physical and psychosocial effects
• What is the nurse's ethical responsibility regarding pain?

  To ensure that pain is prevented and managed effectively
• What are nociceptors?

  Nerve endings that respond to painful stimuli
• What do nociceptors respond to?

  Crush, temperature, and chemical stimulation that threatens tissue damage
• Where do nociceptor signals travel to in the body?

  To the spinal cord and then to the brain
• What is the role of pain assessment in pain management?

  It is essential and should be a routine activity
• What techniques are involved in effective pain management for children?

  A combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques
• What is the purpose of non-pharmacological techniques in pain management?

  To minimize emotional and sensory components of painful experiences
• What is the WHO analgesic pain ladder?

  A step-up approach to managing pain starting from mild to strong relief
• What is the initial step in the WHO pain ladder?

  Starting with a mild form of pain relief
• What medications are used for mild pain management?

  Paracetamol, NSAIDs, and local anesthetics
• What is the pain level range for moderate pain?

  1. 7 out of 10 on the NRS pain tool
• What is the pain level range for severe pain?

  1. 10 out of 10 on the NRS pain tool
• What are opioids?

  Strong painkillers such as morphine, fentanyl, or oxycodone
• What are NSAIDs commonly used for in children?

  To manage mild pain
• What is PCA?

  Patient-controlled analgesia
• What is the purpose of an epidural?

  To relieve pain by administering analgesics into the epidural space
• What is the significance of the SOCRATES tool?

  It evaluates the nature of pain a child may be experiencing
• What does the 'S' in SOCRATES stand for?

  Site - where is the pain?
• What does the 'O' in SOCRATES stand for?

  Onset - when did the pain start?
• What does the 'C' in SOCRATES stand for?

  Character - what does the pain feel like?
• What does the 'R' in SOCRATES stand for?

  Radiates - does the pain go anywhere else?
• What does the 'A' in SOCRATES stand for?

  Associated symptoms - any other symptoms present?
• What does the 'T' in SOCRATES stand for?

  Time/duration - how long have they had the pain?
• What does the 'E' in SOCRATES stand for?

  Exacerbating/relieving factors - what makes the pain better or worse?
• What does the 'S' in SOCRATES stand for?

  Severity - how bad is the pain?
• What should be done after completing a pain assessment?

  Administer analgesia and utilize comfort measures
• What are some physical signs of pain?

  Tachycardia, tachypnoea, and reduced oxygen saturation
• What are some barriers to pain assessment tools?

  Self-report tools are not applicable for younger children
• What are some behavioral signs of pain?

  Crying, moaning, and guarding the area of pain
• What factors influence a child's response to pain?

  Anxiety, cultural background, and parental influence
• What are common misconceptions about pain in children?

  Neonates do feel pain and children can express pain
• What are some barriers to effective pain management?

  Insufficient prescriptions and staff shortages
• What are the harmful effects of unrelieved pain on the cardiovascular system?

  Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and reduced cardiac output
• What psychological consequences can arise from unrelieved pain?

  Extended hospital stays and progression from acute to chronic pain
• What types of pain are mentioned in the workbook?

  Acute pain, chronic pain, somatic pain, and visceral pain