Fluid balance

• What is the importance of accurate fluid balance in children?

  It is crucial for maintaining health and preventing complications.
• What are the risks associated with dehydration?

  Dehydration can lead to serious health issues, especially in children.
• What are the risks associated with over hydration?

  Over hydration can cause fluid overload and related complications.
• How do you accurately chart and calculate fluid balance?

  By tracking fluid input and output, including urine output.
• What percentage of water is in an adult male's body?

  60%
• What percentage of water is in an adult female's body?

  55%
• What percentage of water is in a child's body?

  65%
• What percentage of water is in an infant's body?

  75%
• What percentage of water is in the skin?

  64%
• What percentage of water is in the brain?

  73%
• What percentage of water is in the liver?

  71%
• What percentage of water is in the heart?

  73%
• What percentage of water is in the kidneys?

  79%
• What percentage of water is in the lungs?

  83%
• What percentage of water is in the bone?

  31%
• What is the total body water percentage in a newborn?

  75%
• What is the extracellular fluid (ECF) percentage in a newborn?

  45%
• What is the intracellular fluid (ICF) percentage in a newborn?

  30%
• Why do brain and skin occupy a greater proportion of body weight in infants?

  They have a higher interstitial fluid content.
• What is the total body water percentage in infants?

  65%
• What is the extracellular fluid (ECF) percentage in infants?

  25%
• What is the intracellular fluid (ICF) percentage range in infants?

  30% - 40%
• Why do infants have a high body surface area (BSA)?

  It promotes fluid loss.
• How much greater is the fluid exchange in infants compared to adults?

  5 – 6 times greater.
• Why do children and adolescents have a lower total body water percentage?

  They have 50% total body water.
• What is the extracellular fluid (ECF) percentage in children and adolescents?

  10 – 15%
• What is the intracellular fluid (ICF) percentage in children and adolescents?

  40%
• Why are kidneys immature until 2 years of age?

  They are unable to conserve water and electrolytes.
• What does ECF stand for?

  Extracellular fluid.
• What does ICF stand for?

  Intracellular fluid.
• What is the principle of fluid balance?

  Fluid in = fluid out.
• What are the inputs for fluid balance?

  Oral fluids, NG feeds, gastrostomy feeds, oral medications, IV medications, IV fluids.
• What are the outputs for fluid balance?

  Urine, stool, vomit, NG losses, stoma losses, drains, insensible losses.
• What are the normal fluid requirements for young infants?

  150 ml/kg.
• What are the normal fluid requirements for toddlers?

  100 ml/kg.
• What are the normal fluid requirements for adults?

  50 ml/kg.
• Why is water depletion more likely to occur in children?

  Children have higher fluid exchange rates and lower reserves.
• What is the normal urine output in children?

  Should be > 1 ml/kg/hour.
• What is the acceptable urine output for adults?

  0.5 ml/kg/hour.
• How is urine output calculated?

  Total urine (mls) ÷ patient's weight (kg) ÷ number of hours.