Calculation in Pharmaceutics PT1

• What should you be able to do at the end of the lesson on temperature scales and metric system of measurement?

  Convert temperatures between Fahrenheit and Celsius, differentiate metric prefixes, and convert metric units.
• What are the two common temperature scales used?

  • Fahrenheit Scale (°F)
  • Celsius Scale (°C)
• Who invented the Fahrenheit scale?

  Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
• At what temperature does water freeze on the Fahrenheit scale?

  32° Fahrenheit
• Who invented the Celsius scale?

  Anders Celsius
• At what temperature does water boil on the Celsius scale?

  100° Celsius
• Why is the Celsius scale widely used in scientific work?

  Because it is accepted where metric units are used.
• What is the formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?

  °F = (°C x 9/5) + 32
• What is the formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?

  °C = (°F - 32) x 5/9
• What is the normal body temperature of 37 °C in °F?

  98.6 °F
• What is the room temperature of 78 °F in °C?

  25.6 °C
• What are the standard measures in the metric system?

  • Length: Meter (m)
  • Weight: Gram (g)
  • Volume: Liter (L)
• What does the prefix "kilo-" represent in the metric system?

  1000
• What does the prefix "milli-" represent in the metric system?

  1/1000 or 0.001
• What does the prefix "micro-" represent in the metric system?

  1/1,000,000 or 0.000001
• What are the prefixes used in the metric system and their values?

  • Giga (G): 1,000,000,000 (10⁹)
  • Mega (M): 1,000,000 (10⁶)
  • Kilo (K): 1000 (10³)
  • Deci (d): 0.1 (10⁻¹)
  • Centi (c): 0.01 (10⁻²)
  • Milli (m): 0.001 (10⁻³)
  • Micro (μ): 0.000001 (10⁻⁶)
  • Nano (n): 0.000000001 (10⁻⁹)
  • Pico (p): 0.000000000001 (10⁻¹²)
• What is the relationship between kilograms and grams?

  1 kilogram = 1000 grams
• What is the relationship between grams and milligrams?

  1 gram = 1000 milligrams
• What is the relationship between milligrams and micrograms?

  1 milligram = 1000 micrograms
• What is the relationship between micrograms and nanograms?

  1 microgram = 1000 nanograms
• How many milliliters are in 1.002 liters?

  1002 ml
• How many kilograms are in 1050 grams?

  1. 05 kg
• How many milligrams are in 1 gram?

  1000 mg
• How many milligrams are in 1000 micrograms?

  1 mg
• How many teaspoons are in 1 tablespoon?

  3 tsp
• How many milliliters are in 1 tablespoon?

  15 ml
• How many milliliters are in 2 fluid ounces?

  60 ml
• How many pounds are in 70 kilograms?

  154 lb
• How many grams are in 1.45 kilograms?

  1450 g
• How many liters are in 350 milliliters?

  0.35 L
• How many micrograms are in 15 milligrams?

  15000 mcg
• How many micrograms are in 1.02 grams?

  1020 mcg
• What are the objectives of the lesson on pharmaceutical calculations?

  • Differentiate between ratio, proportion, and percentage
  • Convert between ratio, proportion, and percentage
  • Calculate concentrations of various solutions
  • Calculate the amount of active ingredient given the concentration
• What is a ratio?

  • A comparison of two numbers or like quantities
  • Generally separated by a colon (:)
  • Can be expressed as a fraction
• How can a ratio be expressed as a percentage?

  By multiplying the ratio by 100.
• What is a proportion?

  • An equation with a ratio on each side
  • A statement that two ratios are equal
  • Can be solved by cross multiplication
• What does percentage indicate?

  Rate per hundred, representing parts per 100 parts.
• How can percentages be expressed?

  • As a ratio
  • As a fraction
  • As a decimal fraction
• If a vial contains 40 mg/2 ml, how many milliliters are needed for 300 mg of drug?

  15 ml
• How many milliliters must be injected to administer a dose of 125 mg from a vial labeled "25 mg per ml"?

  5 ml