American imperialism

• What was the significant geographical factor that influenced the USA's emergence as a world power in the 19th century?

  Isolation and secure position surrounded by large oceans and weak neighbours
• What advice did George Washington give regarding foreign policy in 1796?

  He recommended avoiding alliances and an adventurous foreign policy
• What year did President Monroe make his important statements regarding European intervention in the Americas?

  1823
• What did Monroe declare regarding European powers in the Americas?

  The USA would not tolerate European intervention or further colonization
• What was the significance of the Monroe Doctrine at the time it was announced?

  It was symbolic rather than real, as America lacked military power to enforce it
• Which country's diplomacy prevented European intervention in South America during the Monroe Doctrine period?

  British diplomacy
• How is America's foreign policy in the 19th century generally described?

  As shaped by isolationism
• What phrase summed up the westward expansion of the USA in the 19th century?

  Manifest Destiny
• Which territories were notably absorbed into the USA during the 1840s?

  Texas, California, and Oregon
• What did the phrase 'Manifest Destiny' justify?

  Aggression against native Indians and Mexicans, and exporting US democracy
• How did the Civil War affect US involvement in international affairs?

  It deterred the USA from significant involvement in international affairs
• What was one method of acquiring land from European powers in the 19th century?

  Purchasing land, such as Louisiana in 1803 and Alaska in 1867
• What were the three reasons for the changing situation of the USA by the late 19th century?

  Economic growth, naval requirements, and Pacific expansion
• By how much did America's GNP increase from 1869-73 to 1897-1901?

  From $9 billion to $37 billion
• What percentage of the world's manufactured goods were made in the USA by 1900?

  30%
• What was the significance of America's industrial growth in the late 19th century?

  It made the US the leading industrial nation and a major financial power
• Why did America need a stronger navy by the late 19th century?

  To protect its trade and overseas bases
• What was the size of the US navy in 1885 compared to 1905?

  It grew from very small to the third largest in the world
• What new bases did America acquire in the Pacific during the late 19th century?

  Samoa and Hawaii
• When was Hawaii annexed by the USA?

  1898
• What was the economic relationship between Hawaii and the USA by the late 19th century?

  Hawaii became increasingly dependent on the US economy
• How many American sugar growers were there in Hawaii by the 1890s?

  3,000
• What was the impact of the McKinley Tariff on Hawaiian sugar growers?

  It removed duties on raw sugar, causing them to lose their trading advantage
• What happened after the death of the Hawaiian king in 1891?

  Queen Lili’uokalani led a rebellion
• What was the outcome of the rebellion led by Queen Lili’uokalani?

  The marines arrived, and the rebels surrendered within three days
• Why did the USA plan to annex Hawaii?

  Because of its important location
• What strengthened the arguments for the annexation of Hawaii?

  The war with Spain in Cuba
• When did the USA finally annex Hawaii?

  July 1898
• What was the public sentiment leading up to the Spanish-American War?

  The American press whipped up public hysteria
• How long did the Spanish-American War last?

  Four months
• What factors contributed to the USA's victory in the Spanish-American War?

  Spain's antiquated navy and incompetently led army
• Who became a war hero at the battle of San Juan Hill?

  Theodore Roosevelt
• What did the peace treaty signed in Paris in December 1898 recognize?

  Cuban independence and the American annexation of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam
• What debate arose from America's acquisition of the Philippines?

  About the morality of empire and potential foreign conflicts
• What was the surge in national pride following the Spanish-American War attributed to?

  The commercial and strategic advantages of empire and racial arguments
• When did the full-scale revolt against American rule in the Philippines begin?

  February 1899
• How many American troops were involved in the Philippine-American War?

  70,000
• What was the cost of the Philippine-American War in terms of expenditure?

  $170 million
• What were the consequences of the Philippine-American War?

  Brutality and savagery, claiming 4,200 American lives and thousands of Filipinos
• What fears did anti-imperialists have regarding the acquisition of the Philippines?

  About the potential liabilities of empire