psychodynamic

• Who developed the psychodynamic approach in psychology?

  Sigmund Freud
• What did Freud propose about the symptoms of his patients?

  They were caused by deep-rooted psychological conflict within the unconscious mind
• What is the role of the unconscious in Freud's psychodynamic approach?

  • Determines thoughts, feelings, and behavior
  • Protects the conscious self from anxiety
  • Uses defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety
• What are the three components of Freud's tripartite personality structure?

  • Id: Pleasure principle, selfish and emotional
  • Ego: Reality principle, rational and balancing
  • Superego: Morality principle, conscience and moral guide

  
• What happens if the id or superego is not kept in check by the ego?

  It can cause psychological problems in adulthood
• What are the five psychosexual stages of development according to Freud?

  1. Oral stage (0-1 year)
  2. Anal stage (1-3 years)
  3. Phallic stage (3-6 years)
  4. Latency stage (6 years-puberty)
  5. Genital stage (puberty-maturity)

  
• What is the focus of pleasure during the oral stage?

  The mouth
• What can result from fixation during the anal stage?

  An anally retentive or anally expulsive personality
• What is the Oedipus complex?

  Boys' unconscious desire for their mothers and rivalry with their fathers
• What is the Electra complex?

  Girls' desire for their fathers and rivalry with their mothers
• What are the three defense mechanisms proposed by Freud?

  • Repression: Blocking out painful memories
  • Denial: Refusal to accept reality
  • Displacement: Redirecting feelings to a less threatening target
• What is a major criticism of defense mechanisms?

  They lack testability and cannot be studied directly
• What case study did Freud use to support his theory of defense mechanisms?

  The case of Little Hans
• What was the outcome of Little Hans's phobia according to Freud?

  It gradually declined and eventually vanished
• What are the criticisms of the psychodynamic approach?

  • Lacks scientific rigor
  • Difficulty in objectively testing concepts
  • Emphasis on male development over female
• What does it mean that Freud's theory cannot be falsified?

  It cannot be proven wrong through scientific methods
• How does Freud's theory view female development?

  It emphasizes female inferiority and weaker moral development
• What is a criticism of the psychodynamic approach?

  • Lacks scientific rigor
  • Difficulty in objectively testing concepts
  • Concepts like the unconscious cannot be measured scientifically
• Why is the unconscious difficult to measure in psychodynamic theory?

  Because it needs to be inferred from self-reports.
• What methods are considered subjective in the psychodynamic approach?

  Dream analysis and hypnosis.
• What does the inability to scientifically test psychodynamic concepts imply about Freudian theory?

  It cannot be falsified.
• What is a limitation of Freud's theory regarding gender?

  It emphasizes male development over female development.
• What does Freud's emphasis on female inferiority suggest about psychodynamic theories?

  They may be outdated and gender biased.
• What is a strength of the psychodynamic approach?

  Freud's ideas have been influential in understanding human behavior.
• How did the psychodynamic approach contribute to psychology?

  It emphasized the importance of childhood experiences on later life.
• What treatment method was developed from psychodynamic theory?

  Psychoanalysis.
• What did Biskup et al. (2005) find about psychoanalysis?

  77% of patients showed clinically significant improvements.