HARD BIOLOGY QUESTIONS

• What is the first step in testing a drug?

  Test the drug on human cells and tissues.
• What is the second step in drug testing?

  Test the drug on live animals.
• Why is it important to test the drug on healthy volunteers?

  To find the maximum dosage before side effects occur.
• What is the purpose of testing the drug on patients suffering from the relevant disease?

  To find the optimum dosage.
• What are the steps involved in drug testing?

  1. Test the drug on human cells and tissues.
  2. Test the drug on live animals.
  3. Test the drug on healthy volunteers to find the maximum dosage before side effects occur.
  4. Test the drug on patients that suffer from the relevant disease to find the optimum dosage.
• What is an antigen?

  An antigen is any substance that the body sees as foreign.
• How does the immune system respond to antigens?

  The immune system produces antibodies against antigens.
• What are examples of antigens?

  Toxins and cell walls of pathogens are considered antigens.
• What is an antibody?

  An antibody is a protein produced by white blood cells that binds to specific antigens.
• What role do antibodies play in the immune response?

  Antibodies signal the immune system to destroy the antigen.
• What are memory cells?

  Memory cells are a special type of white blood cell that remembers pathogens.
• How do memory cells affect the immune response during a second infection?

  Memory cells allow the immune system to respond more quickly and powerfully.
• What happens during the first infection with a new pathogen?

  You normally get quite ill as your body takes time to identify and destroy the pathogens.
• What type of white blood cell carries out phagocytosis?

  A phagocyte is the type of white blood cell that carries out phagocytosis.
• What is the first step in phagocytosis?

  The first step is for the phagocyte to track down a pathogen and bind to it.
• What happens after the phagocyte binds to the pathogen?

  The phagocyte's membrane surrounds the pathogen and engulfs it.
• What is the final step of phagocytosis?

  Enzymes inside the phagocyte break down the pathogen to destroy it.
• How does the process of phagocytosis contribute to the immune response?

  Phagocytosis helps eliminate pathogens by engulfing and destroying them.
• What is bmi


  Mass/heigh^2
• What things affect rate of diffusion


  Concentration gradient,surface area,tempature
• Total magnification =


  Image size /actual size
• Eye piece lens multiply objective lens is 


  Magnification
• To get from nm to um to mm to m to km what do you divide by 


  1000
• What is the aim of using a light microscope to observe onion skin cells?

  To observe, draw, and label plant cells in an onion skin
• What are the steps involved in preparing and observing onion skin cells using a light microscope?

  1. Prepare microscope slides to show onion skin cells and their contents.
  2. Use an optical microscope to observe and draw the cells.
  3. Create a scientific drawing identifying and labeling structures within the cells.
• What is genotypr

  All alleles of an organism
• What is in a nucleotide(makw backbones of dna)

  Sugar(middle),phosphate and base
• What does mitosis produce

  2 genetically identical daughter diploma cells
• Ligase breaks down lipids into 


  fatty ACIDS and glycerol
• Amylase breaks down carbohydrates into 


  Sugars and carbohydrase
• Protease breaks protein into

  Amino acids
• What do diseases reduce

  Number of white blood cells making disease suspectible to it
• Advantages of stem cells

  Undifferentiated can specialise to be anything
• Why do you have to change embryo for stem cells

  Can be rejected or not be used
• What does cancer do

  Make cells divide uncontrollably