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Psychology
Approaches
Behaviourism
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Cards (28)
Key assumptions of the
behaviourist
approach:
People learn how to behave
environmentally
Only
measurable
behaviour should be studied
Animals can be used in research
What is tabula rasa?
We are born as
blank
slates
The 2 ways of learning
Classical conditioning
-
Pavlov
Operant conditioning
-
Skinner
Classical conditioning is learning by
association
Classical conditioning is learning to respond
automatically
to stimuli that don’t usually cause
reflex
responses
What is the unconditioned stimulus?
This causes an
unconditioned
response which is
automatic
and not learned
What is the neutral stimulus?
An object that will
not
produce
a response
What is the
conditioned stimulus
?
The
neutral stimulus
becomes this after conditioning and will now produce a response
What is the
conditioned response
?
The response given to a
stimulus
that is learned
In
Pavlov‘s
study, what is the
UCS
?
Food
In
Pavlov’s
study, what is the
NS
?
Bell
In Pavlov’s study, what is the UCR?
Drooling
In
Pavlov’s
study, what becomes the
CS
?
Bell
In
Pavlov’s
study, what becomes the
CR
?
Drooling
What is
time continuity
?
Pavlov
found that the association only occurs if the
NS
and
UCS
are paired together close in time
What is
extinction
?
If the
CS
is presented on its own several times without the
UCS
then conditioning can become unlearned
What is
stimulus generalisation
?
The stimulus can be varied slightly and the
conditioned response
will still occur
Operant conditioning is learning through
consequence
What is
positive reinforcement
?
Positive reinforcement is the addition of a pleasant stimulus to encourage repetition of a
behaviour
What is
negative reinforcement
?
Negative reinforcement is the removal of a
unpleasant
stimulus to encourage behaviour
What is
positive punishment
?
Positive punishment is the addition of an
unpleasant
stimulus to discourage behaviour
What is
negative punishment
?
Negative punishment is the removal of a
pleasant
stimulus to discourage behaviour
In the
Skinner
box, there was a lever which the rat could push to get
food
(example of positive reinforcement)
What is
shaping
?
Explains how
behaviour
is learned through reinforcing successively closer behaviour to
desired
performance
One strength is that the research is
lab-based
and uses scientific methods so has less
extraneous
variables and more
internal validity
One strength is that they have practical
applications
eg in education or parenting
One limitation is that it uses
animals
that causes
ethical
issues and can not be properly
generalised
to humans
One limitation is that the approach fully relies on
lab experiments
which is an artificial environment so lacks
ecological validity
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