Psych Unit 4

• Encoding is getting info into memory
• storage is keeping memory/going into long term
• retrieval is to successfully get it from storage
• state dependent learning means that if we're in the same state when we encode and retrieve, our memories will be better
• episodic explicit memories are remembering personal experiences with time tags attached
• semantic explicit encoding is storage of general knowledge
• explicit encoding is conscious recall of info
• implicit procedural memory is when you unconsciously recall how to automatically do something
• Prospective memory is when you remember to do something in the future
• Working memory model


  Central executive = directs attention

  Phonological loop = verbal and auditory info

  Visuospatial sketchpad = visual and spatial info
• Sensory memory


  iconic = short amount of time visual input

  echoic = auditory info
• short-term memory hold info for 15-30 sec to transfer to long term
• long term memory stores for extended periods of time
• structural processing 


  shallow

  physical appearances

  low retention
• phonemic processing


  sounds

  moderate

  moderate retention
• Semantic processing


  meaning and association

  deep

  high retention
• Mnemonics are memory aids that are words, songs, or rhymes
• The Method of Loci is when you imagine things in places that you know (your house)
• Chunking is when you break things into smaller units (phone #)
• the spacing effect is that you should get sleep between study sessions
• the serial position effect is that you are more likely to remember the most recent and first things
• the Hippocampus transfers memories from short to long term
• long term potentiation is when you use a neural pathway often it will be stronger
• maintenance rehearsal is when you rehearse something with no meaning over and over again
• elaborative rehearsal is when you rehearse info with meaning
• superior autobiographical memory is when you can remember specific details about every day of your life like it was yesterday
• retrograde amnesia is when you can't remember old memories
• anterograde amnesia is when you can't form new memories
• infantile amnesia is a common occurrence when we cannot remember things from early childhood
• Alzheimer's is a neurological disorder that leads to the deterioration of memories and cognitive ability
• context-dependent is when something is enhanced when you are in the same physical space as when you learned something
• Mood-congruent is when you remember something better because you are is the same mood as when you learned it
• Encoding failure is a cognitive phenomenon that occurs when information fails to be effectively transferred and stored in the memory
• A flashbulb memory is a vivid, long-lasting memory about a surprising or shocking event.
• Proactive interference is when older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories
• Retroactive interference refers to conditions in which new learning interferes with old learning
• Insufficient retrieval cues refer to a situation where there are not enough reminders or triggers available to help retrieve stored information from memory.
• Source Amnesia is the inability to recall where, when, or how one has learned knowledge that has been acquired and retained
•  constructive memory we use a variety of information (perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, etc.) to fill in gaps, and that the accuracy of our memory may be altered
• Imagination inflation is a type of memory distortion that occurs when imagining an event that never happened increases confidence in the memory of the event.