First Aid

• What are the Four P's of aid response?


  • Preserve life - yourself and the casualty
  • Prevent further injury - remove dangers
  • Protect the casualty - recovery position
  • Promote recovery until help arrives
• Why is it important to assess a situation before applying first aid?

  To ensure the safety of yourself before helping others
• Who is the most important person on the scene of an emergency?

  You are the most important person
• Under what conditions can a first aider avoid legal trouble when helping?

  If their intentions were good, they stayed within their training, and didn't worsen the situation
• What must you do before helping a person in need?

  Gain their consent
• What should you do if a person refuses your help?

  You must respect their decision
• When is consent implied in first aid?

  When a person is unconscious
• How can you recognize an emergency?


  • Hearing: loud noises, screams, crying, alarms
  • Seeing: car accidents, explosions, collapse, blood
  • Smelling: gas, petrol, smoke
  • Change in behavior: clutching body parts, appearing pale, frightened
• When should you stop chest compressions during CPR?

  If told to stop by a paramedic, if you feel exhausted, or if the casualty wakes up
• What should you check for regarding danger in a first aid situation?

  • Check for hazards
  • Assess if the scene is safe
  • Determine if it's safe to move the casualty
  • Ensure you have personal protective equipment (PPE)
• What does COWS stand for in assessing responsiveness?


  Can you hear me? Open your eyes? What's your name? Squeeze my hands and let go
• How should you approach a patient to avoid aggression?


  Approach the patient from above (their head)
• What number should you call for emergency help?

  Call 000 or 112
• What information should you provide when calling for help?

  Your exact location, the casualty's injury, and the number of injured people
• What position should you place a casualty in if they are unconscious?

  Place them in the recovery position
• How do you clear a casualty's airway?

  Clear their throat of blockages using your fingers once the casualty is in recovery position
• What is the look, listen, feel method for checking breathing?

  1. Look for chest rising or falling
  2. Listen for sounds of breathing near their mouth
  3. Feel for air coming out over the mouth or nose
• What is CPR and when is it used?

  • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
  • Used to keep blood pumping after the heart stops until paramedics arrive
• Where should chest compressions be performed on a person?

  In the middle of the chest between the collarbone and bottom of the ribs
• How deep should chest compressions be during CPR?

  Push down 1/3 of the person's chest
• What is the recommended rate of chest compressions during CPR?

  100 to 120 compressions per minute
• How should you give breaths during CPR?

  Tilt the head back, seal over the mouth, and pinch the nose
• What is the function of a defibrillator?

  • Stops the heart if it's beating irregularly
  • Allows the body to restart it into a better rhythm
• What are the steps to use an AED?

  1. Remove AED from case
  2. Return to casualty
  3. Open AED
  4. Turn on
  5. Follow prompts
  6. Analyze and advise shock if needed
• What should you do if the AED states not to touch the patient?


  Continuously perform CPR
• What does FAST stand for in the emergency of a stroke?

  • Face: check for droopiness
  • Arms: check if both can be raised
  • Speech: check for slurred speech
  • Time: get to the hospital quickly
• Why is it important to get a stroke patient to the hospital quickly?

  To reduce permanent injury and improve recovery
• What are the common symptoms of abdominal injuries?

  Pain, distension, nausea, shock, bruising, vomiting, protruding organs
• What should you do if you suspect someone has an abdominal injury?

  Call for help, lie down, loosen clothing, control bleeding
• If you see protruding organs in an abdominal injury, what should you do?

  Do not touch the organs and apply a non-adhesive dressing
• How should you monitor a casualty with an abdominal injury?

  Monitor their breathing and commence CPR if they stop breathing
• What are the symptoms of allergic reactions?

  Skin irritation, swelling, breathing difficulties
• What is the first step in treating an allergic reaction?

  Follow DRSABCD and ask for an EpiPen
• How should you monitor a patient experiencing an allergic reaction?

  Monitor closely for signs of anaphylaxis
• What is a laceration?

  A deep cut or tearing of the skin
• What is a puncture wound?

  A small hole caused by something long and pointy
• What is an incision?

  A clean-cut caused by something sharp
• What is an abrasion?

  Caused by skin rubbing against a rough or hard surface
• What is an avulsion?

  Where the skin and the tissue beneath it are completely torn away
• What is the first step in wound care treatment?

  Control bleeding