Cardiovascular system

• The left atrium recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs the walls are elastic so it can stretch and fill with more blood.
• The left ventricle has to pump oxygenated blood into the aorta and to the rest of the body. It has thick walls as it has to pump blood around the whole body.
• The aorta carries oxygenated blood to the whole body.
• The vena cava brings deoxygenated blood back into the heart.
• The pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated blood from the heart and to the lungs where it can be oxygenated
• The pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
• The pulmonary circuit transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
• The aortic semilunar valve allows oxygenated blood to leave the heart and travel to the body
• The pulmonary semilunar valve lets deoxygenated blood leave the heart to go to the lungs.
• The tricuspid valve controls the flow of deoxygenated blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle. It has three cusps.
• The bicuspid valve controls the flow of oxygenated blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle. it has two cusps.
• Capillaries are one cell thick and have a very small lumen. Connects the veins and arteries. Allows for gaseous exchange between the muscles and tissues.
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, they have thick muscular walls to withstand high pressure, no valves and a small lumen.
• Arterioles branches off from an artery, carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, controls blood flow and pressure and also connects arteries to the capillaries.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart. They contain valves, have thin wall as there is less pressure and have larger lumens
• Venules recieve blood from the capillaries and help exchange oxygen and nutrients. They have very thin walls and carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
• Coronary arteries provide the main source of blood to the heart.
• Coronary veins are responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the myocardium into the cardiac chambers.
• The impulse is generated in the sino atrial node
• The impulse travels across both the right and left atrium
• The impulse is recieved and held at the atrio ventricular node until the atria has finished contracting
• Impulse moves down the Bundle of His which splits into left and right Bundle branches
• Impulse travels up the walls of the ventricles via the purkyne fibres
• The myogenic generates its own impulse
• The septum separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing
• At rest for a untrained persons stroke volume is 70ml
• At rest for a trained person their stroke volume is 100ml
• At sub maximal an untrained persons stroke volume is 100-120ml
• At sub-maximal a trained persons stroke volume is 160-200ml
• At maximal an untrained persons stroke volume is 100-120ml
• At maximal a trained persons stroke volume is 160-200ml
• Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
• Bradycardia is a resting heart rate below 60bpm
• At rest an untrained persons heart rate is 72bpm
• At rest a trained persons heart rate is 50bpm
• At sub-maximal an untrained persons heart rate is 100-130bpm
• At sub-maximal a trained persons heart rate is 95-120 bpm
• Stroke volume reaches its maximal volume at sub-maximal /moderate internsity
• At maximal intensity stroke volume stays the same because increased heart rate means it does not have time to fill and empty fully.
• Diastole is when the heart is in a state of relaxation, the atria starts to fill, as pressure rises in the atria, the atrioventricular valve are forced open and blood starts to move passively into the ventricles.