public health

• What is the definition of Public Health according to Her Majesty's Treasury, 2004?

  Public Health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health.
• What does Public Health encompass according to the study material?

  It encompasses the roots and causes of health and ill health, as well as its treatment.
• What are the key perspectives of Public Health?

  • Health is viewed within its overall social and political context.
  • Solutions are sought in social action, individual empowerment, and community development.
  • It includes clinical intervention as part of a broader approach.
• What does a life course approach to public health acknowledge?

  A life course approach acknowledges that health is influenced throughout life by wider determinants of health.
• What are the diverse factors that influence health according to Public Health England, 2019a?

  Social, economic, environmental, and behavioral risk factors.
• What does implementing a life course approach to public health involve?

  • Delivering evidence-based interventions.
  • Minimizing risk factors and enhancing protective factors.
  • Addressing important life stages from perinatal to older age.
• What is the essence of Zola's parable in public health?

  • Responding to emergencies (rescuing people).
  • Preventing future incidents (investigating upstream causes).
• What is health promotion?

  Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.
• What must individuals or groups do to reach a state of complete well-being?

  They must identify and realize aspirations, satisfy needs, and cope with the environment.
• How is health viewed in the context of health promotion?

  • Health is seen as a resource for everyday life.
  • It emphasizes social and personal resources alongside physical capacities.
• What are the three key actions outlined in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

  • Advocate
  • Enable
  • Mediate
• When did the National Health Service Act come into effect?

  5 July 1948.
• Who was the first Minister of Health?

  Aneurin Bevan MP.
• What was the duty of the Minister of Health according to the National Health Service Act?

  To promote the establishment of a health service to improve physical and mental health.
• What did the National Health Service Act state about the services provided?

  The services shall be free of charge.
• What did the Black Report (1980) reveal about health inequalities?

  It showed that ill-health and death are unequally distributed among the population of Britain.
• What did the Black Report conclude about the causes of health inequalities?

  They were mainly due to social inequalities, not failings in the NHS.
• What recommendations did the Black Report make to combat health inequalities?

  • A wide strategy of social policy measures.
  • Addressing income, education, housing, diet, employment, and work conditions.
• What did the Acheson report (1988) require local health authorities to do?

  To appoint directors of public health and consultants for communicable disease control.
• What was significant about the second Acheson report published in 1998?

  It was the first officially commissioned work on inequalities in health by a British government.
• What major change occurred in public health organization in 2012?

  The Health and Social Care Act led to the largest restructuring in NHS history.
• What was the outcome of the Health and Social Care Act in 2013?

  Local public health services were taken out of NHS control and relocated back with local authorities.
• What are some key public health priorities in England?

  Tackling obesity, reducing smoking, and ensuring every child has the best start in life.
• What was the response of PHE to the Covid-19 pandemic?

  PHE had a poor response to the pandemic, highlighting inequalities in public health.
• What is the role of the Office for Health Improvements and Disparities?

  To integrate public health efforts into the Department of Health and Social Care.
• What is the significance of midwifery in public health?

  • Acknowledges childbirth as a psychological and societal event.
  • Midwives improve health through maternal and perinatal strategies.
• What does the CORE20 plus5 initiative aim to achieve?

  • Reducing healthcare inequalities.
  • Ensuring the best start for life during critical early days.

  
• What is the Saving Babies Care Bundle (SBLCB)?

  It is a key midwifery public health document providing evidence-based best practices to reduce perinatal mortality.
• How does smoking affect pregnancy outcomes?

  Smoking increases the risk of complications such as stillbirth and low birthweight.
• What was the national maternity safety ambition regarding perinatal mortality?

  To halve rates of perinatal mortality from 2010 to 2025.
• What are the key components of the Public Health Outcomes Framework for Child and Maternal Health?

  • Pregnancy and birth records.
  • Reports on factors related to conception, pregnancy, and delivery.
• What are the two high-level outcomes focused on in the Public Health Outcomes Framework for Midwives?

  • Healthy life expectancy.
  • Differences in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy between communities.
• How is data collected for the Public Health Outcomes Framework?

  Much of the data is collected by midwives and inputted into the Maternity Services Data Set.
• What are some ways midwives promote health and improve public health?

  • Providing education on maternal health.
  • Supporting breastfeeding and nutrition.
  • Offering mental health support.