CNS

• What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

  Brain and spinal cord
• What is the primary function of the CNS?

  Receives and integrates information from the rest of the body
• Which cranial nerve is considered part of the CNS?

  Optic nerve (II)
• What is the difference between the CNS and PNS?

  The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes peripheral nerves.
• How can models help in learning the structures of the CNS?

  • Create a 3D image in your mind
  • Use online resources like Anatomy TV and videos
  • Get creative with visual aids
• What are the main types of cells in the nervous system?

  Neurons and glial cells
• What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?

  They provide support and protection for neurons.
• What are the types of neurons based on their structure?

  Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar
• How does myelin affect neuron transmission?

  Myelin speeds up transmission of nerve impulses.
• What is the difference between grey matter and white matter?

  Grey matter contains more cell bodies, while white matter contains more axons.
• How much does the brain weigh?

  1. 5 kg
• How many neurons are approximately in the human brain?

  86 billion neurons
• What is the average number of connections each neuron has?

  About 7000 connections
• What are sulci and gyri in the brain?

  Sulci are grooves, and gyri are ridges that define brain lobes.
• What are the main lobes of the brain?

  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Limbic lobe (system)
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
• What is the function of the brainstem?

  It conducts nerve impulses between the brain and body and regulates vital functions.
• How many parts does the brainstem have?

  Three parts
• What cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem?

  Cranial nerves III to XII
• What is the role of the cerebellum?

  It coordinates movement and balance.
• What is the composition of the cerebrum?

  Cerebral cortex and white matter
• What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

  It is involved in cognition, personality, behavior, and mood.
• What happens if Broca's area is damaged?

  Speech is impaired, but comprehension remains intact.
• What happens if Wernicke's area is damaged?

  Fluent speech occurs, but it lacks meaning and comprehension is impaired.
• What techniques are used to study brain function?

  • Brain imaging (PET, MRI, etc.)
  • Observing effects of damage to specific regions
• What is the significance of neural networks in brain function?

  Most functions require networks of neurons involving multiple areas.
• What are the functions of the limbic system and basal ganglia?

  • Limbic system: emotions and emotional behavior, learning and memory
  • Basal ganglia: control of movement
• What is the role of the hypothalamus?

  It regulates temperature and other homeostatic functions.
• What is the function of the thalamus?

  It acts as a sensory relay center between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex.
• How are the cerebral hemispheres structured?

  They are largely symmetrical, with some areas having different functions.
• What is the significance of the corpus callosum?

  It connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
• What is the function of the spinal cord?

  It is a direct extension of the brainstem and transmits signals to and from the brain.
• Into how many regions is the spinal cord divided?

  Four regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
• What do spinal nerves allow?

  Input and output to specific parts of the body
• What is the significance of the spinal nerves C3, 4, and 5?

  They control the diaphragm, which is essential for breathing.
• What is the relationship between spinal cord sections and vertebrae?

  Vertebrae are named according to the spinal nerves that emerge at that level.
• What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic output in spinal nerves?

  T1-12 corresponds to sympathetic tone, while cranial nerves and S4 correspond to parasympathetic output.
• What are the characteristics of spinal cord cross-sections?

  • Different shapes and grey:white matter ratios
  • Varying amounts of input/output
• What are tracts in the spinal cord?

  Bundles of nerve fibers that run up and down the spinal cord.
• What is the function of the spinothalamic tract?

  It is an ascending tract responsible for sensory functions like pain and temperature.
• What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

  It is a descending tract responsible for voluntary movement.