Module 2

• trade - exchange of goods / services
• imports - bringing something into a country
• exports - selling something to another country
• trade surplus - value of exports greater than imports
• trade deficit - value of imports greater than exports
• Uneven development - geographical location

  • south of the UK is closer to Europe so developing trading roots is easier
  • north is inaccessible and remote
  • further away from central Europe
• Uneven development - infrastructure

  • transport in the south is better developed making access to the rest of the world easier
  • channel tunnel, eurostar, Heathrow
• Uneven development - economic change

  • Before the 1900s most jobs were in farms / mines in the north
  • more industrial jobs means less primary jobs
  • most industry growth down south
  • high levels of unemployment in the north
• Uneven development - government policy

  • a higher government investment per person in the south
  • more investment projects down south (2012 Olympic games)
• ageing population - causes

  • improved healthcare
  • less smoking
  • better diet
  • more exercise
  • baby boom
• ageing population - responses

  • increased retirement age - taxes are paid for longer and less pensions are given out
  • encourage people to save - private pensions
  • encourage immigration to grow work force
  • free bus passes for elderly to encourage them to work
• ageing population - positive impacts

  • pensions spent on economy
  • free childminders
  • reliable and experienced workers
  • volunteers
• ageing population - negative impacts

  • pressure on NHS
  • limited care home spaces
  • don't pay taxes
  • The government has to pay a lot of pensions
  • worker shortage
  • declining birth rate
• immigration - social positive impacts

  • introduces new culture (music, food and festivals)
  • immigrants engage in communities
  • diversity
• immigration - social negative impacts

  • can cause ethnic tension
  • rise of extremist groups
  • increased housing shortage
  • pressure on NHS and schools
• immigration - economic positive impacts

  • workers pay taxes to support the economy
  • fills gaps in the labour market
  • usually skilled jobs
• immigration - economic negative impacts

  • extra costs for housing/education/healthcare
  • salaries can be sent home instead of put back into the economy
• suburbanisation - outward growth of urban areas
• counter urbanisation - move from urban to rural areas
• re urbanisation - move from rural to urban areas