Distillation

• What are the different methods to separate mixtures mentioned in the study material?

  Filtration, crystallisation, simple distillation, fractional distillation, and chromatography
• What factors determine the method chosen to separate mixtures?

  • Type of mixture
  • Desired purity of components
  • Physical properties of substances
• What is simple distillation used for?

  To separate a solvent from a solution
• Why is simple distillation useful for producing pure water from seawater?

  Because it separates the solvent (water) from the dissolved salts
• How does simple distillation work?

  It works by heating the solution to evaporate the solvent, which is then cooled and condensed
• What happens to the remaining solution during simple distillation?

  The remaining solution becomes more concentrated
• What is fractional distillation used for?

  • To separate different liquids from a mixture
  • Useful for separating ethanol from water
  • Used for separating fractions from crude oil
• How does fractional distillation differ from simple distillation?

  Fractional distillation separates multiple liquids based on different boiling points
• What is the role of boiling points in fractional distillation?

  Different liquids have different boiling points, allowing them to be separated
• What happens to vapours during fractional distillation?

  Vapours rise through a column that is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top
• How are different liquids collected in fractional distillation?

  By collecting them from different parts of the column or by continuing to heat the mixture
• What is the first step in the process of separating ethanol from water using distillation?

  Heating the water and ethanol solution
• What occurs after the ethanol evaporates in the distillation process?

  The ethanol cools and then condenses
• What happens to the water after the ethanol has evaporated in the distillation process?

  The water left evaporates, cools, and then condenses
• What are the key steps in the distillation process to separate ethanol from water?

  1. Heat the water and ethanol solution
  2. Ethanol evaporates first
  3. Ethanol cools and condenses
  4. Water left evaporates, cools, and condenses