Cards (31)

  • Who discovered Penicillin?
    Alexander Fleming
  • What was the cause of many soldiers' deaths that Fleming witnessed?
    Septic wounds from staphylococcal bacteria
  • In what year did Fleming identify lysozyme?
    1922
  • What was the limitation of lysozyme as an antiseptic?
    It only worked on some germs
  • What was Fleming doing when he discovered Penicillin?
    Cleaning old culture dishes
  • What happened to the staphylococci colonies when the fungal spore grew?
    The colonies stopped growing
  • What was the name of the fungus that produced Penicillin?
    Penicillium notatum
  • What substance did Penicillium notatum produce?
    A substance that killed bacteria
  • When did Fleming publish his findings on Penicillin?
    Between 1929 and 1931
  • Why couldn't Fleming take his work further after publishing his findings?
    No funding for further research
  • What was still needed for the industrial production of penicillin?
    Development of production methods
  • Who found a way to purify penicillin?
    Florey and Chain
  • Why does penicillin need to be purified?
    Because it is a natural product
  • When did Howard Florey’s team make a breakthrough in penicillin purification?
    Between 1938 and 1940
  • What technique did Ernst Chain devise for penicillin purification?
    Freeze-drying technique
  • What was the initial challenge Florey and Chain faced in producing penicillin?
    They lacked resources for large-scale production
  • How did Florey and Chain produce penicillin for their first clinical trial?
    By growing Penicillium notatum in various containers
  • What happened to the patients when the penicillin supply ran out?
    They began to die after recovery
  • What was the outcome for patients when penicillin ran out?
    They died after initially recovering
  • Who took penicillin to America for mass production?
    Florey
  • Why did Florey believe penicillin was vital during World War II?
    It could treat wounds of soldiers
  • Why were British chemical firms unable to start mass production of penicillin initially?
    They were busy making explosives
  • What changed US firms' reluctance to help with penicillin production?
    America joined the war in 1941
  • When did the US government begin giving grants for penicillin production?
    December 1941
  • By what year had British businesses started mass-producing penicillin?
    By 1943
  • Was the mass production of penicillin sufficient for military needs by 1944?
    Yes, it was sufficient
  • What happened to the cost of penicillin after the war?
    The cost fell
  • What recognition did Fleming, Florey, and Chain receive in 1945?
    They were awarded the Nobel Prize
  • What is penicillin used to treat today?
    A range of bacterial infections
  • What types of antibiotics were discovered after 1945?
    Treatments for lung infections, acne, meningitis
  • How did the discovery of penicillin impact medical treatments after 1945?
    It led to the discovery of other antibiotics