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Health and Medicine in Britain c.1000-present
1900-Present: Medicine in Modern Britain
Penicillin
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Cards (31)
Who discovered Penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
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What was the cause of many soldiers' deaths that Fleming witnessed?
Septic wounds from
staphylococcal
bacteria
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In what year did Fleming identify lysozyme?
1922
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What was the limitation of lysozyme as an antiseptic?
It
only
worked
on
some
germs
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What was Fleming doing when he discovered Penicillin?
Cleaning
old
culture
dishes
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What happened to the staphylococci colonies when the fungal spore grew?
The
colonies
stopped growing
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What was the name of the fungus that produced Penicillin?
Penicillium notatum
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What substance did Penicillium notatum produce?
A substance that killed
bacteria
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When did Fleming publish his findings on Penicillin?
Between
1929
and
1931
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Why couldn't Fleming take his work further after publishing his findings?
No
funding
for further
research
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What was still needed for the industrial production of penicillin?
Development of
production methods
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Who found a way to purify penicillin?
Florey
and
Chain
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Why does penicillin need to be purified?
Because it is a
natural product
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When did Howard Florey’s team make a breakthrough in penicillin purification?
Between
1938
and
1940
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What technique did Ernst Chain devise for penicillin purification?
Freeze-drying technique
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What was the initial challenge Florey and Chain faced in producing penicillin?
They lacked
resources
for large-scale production
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How did Florey and Chain produce penicillin for their first clinical trial?
By growing
Penicillium notatum
in various containers
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What happened to the patients when the penicillin supply ran out?
They began to
die
after recovery
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What was the outcome for patients when penicillin ran out?
They died after
initially
recovering
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Who took penicillin to America for mass production?
Florey
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Why did Florey believe penicillin was vital during World War II?
It could
treat
wounds
of
soldiers
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Why were British chemical firms unable to start mass production of penicillin initially?
They were busy making
explosives
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What changed US firms' reluctance to help with penicillin production?
America joined the war in
1941
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When did the US government begin giving grants for penicillin production?
December
1941
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By what year had British businesses started mass-producing penicillin?
By
1943
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Was the mass production of penicillin sufficient for military needs by 1944?
Yes
,
it was sufficient
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What happened to the cost of penicillin after the war?
The cost
fell
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What recognition did Fleming, Florey, and Chain receive in 1945?
They were awarded the
Nobel Prize
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What is penicillin used to treat today?
A range of
bacterial infections
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What types of antibiotics were discovered after 1945?
Treatments for
lung infections
,
acne
,
meningitis
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How did the discovery of penicillin impact medical treatments after 1945?
It led to the discovery of other
antibiotics
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