behaviourist approach

• Who are often considered the first truly scientific psychologists?

  The behaviorists
• Why do behaviorists focus on observable phenomena?

  Because they can only study what can be observed objectively
• What do behavior psychologists conduct experiments on?

  Stimulus and response mechanisms
• What is a significant sacrifice made by behaviorists in their research?

  They gave up studying internal mental processes
• What is the mind considered by behaviorists?

  A black box
• What are the two main types of conditioning discussed in the behaviorist approach?

  Pavlovian classical conditioning and Skinnerian operant conditioning
• How do behaviorists believe behavior is learned?

  Through experiences and interactions with the environment
• What is the difference between behavior being learned and being innate according to behaviorists?

  Behavior is learned through experiences, not innate from genetics
• What do behaviorists focus on to be considered a scientific discipline?

  Objectively measurable behaviors
• What is a stimulus in the context of behaviorism?

  A stimulus is something applied to a subject that elicits a response
• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning by association between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus
• Who developed the theory of classical conditioning?

  Ivan Pavlov
• What is an example of an unconditioned response in Pavlov's research?

  Drooling to food
• How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

  By being paired with an unconditioned stimulus over time
• How can classical conditioning explain the development of a phobia?

  A neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus that causes fear
• What is operant conditioning?

  Learning through the consequences of voluntary actions
• Who is known for developing operant conditioning?

  BF Skinner
• What happens when a behavior is positively reinforced?

  The behavior is more likely to be repeated
• What is the role of a Skinner box in operant conditioning?

  To demonstrate how animals learn through reinforcement
• What is an example of positive reinforcement?

  Adding a pleasant stimulus when the correct behavior is observed
• What is negative reinforcement?

  The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior
• How does punishment affect behavior?

  It reduces the likelihood of the behavior occurring
• What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?

  Positive punishment adds an unpleasant stimulus, while negative punishment removes a pleasant stimulus
• What is extinction in operant conditioning?

  It is the process where behavior stops when reinforcement ceases
• What is behavior shaping?

  Rewarding simple behaviors and then gradually rewarding more complex behaviors
• How can operant conditioning lead to complex behaviors?

  By gradually reinforcing more complex behaviors
• What is a key difference between classical and operant conditioning?

  Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, while operant conditioning involves voluntary responses
• How does classical conditioning explain the acquisition of a phobia?

  It explains how a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a fear response
• What are the strengths of the behaviorist approach in psychology?

  It allows for objective observation and manipulation of variables
• Why is animal research used in behaviorism?

  Because the environment can be fully controlled
• What is a limitation of generalizing animal research to human behavior?

  Humans have more complex social lives and cultural influences
• What are some real-life applications of behaviorism?

  Counter conditioning treatments, token economies, and classroom management
• What ethical concerns arise from using behaviorism to control human behavior?

  It can be seen as manipulative
• What is a criticism of behaviorism regarding its reductionist approach?

  It oversimplifies complex human behaviors
• What alternative explanations for behavior does behaviorism ignore?

  Social learning, the unconscious mind, and biological factors
• What is the main focus of behaviorist research?

  Objectively observable behavior
• How does behaviorism contribute to the scientific status of psychology?

  By demonstrating cause and effect relationships through controlled studies
• What is the significance of standardized procedures in behaviorist research?

  They allow for replication of methods and findings
• What is the role of ethical considerations in behaviorist research?

  To ensure humane treatment of participants
• What is the main criticism of behaviorism regarding its approach to human behavior?

  It is overly reductionist