Immunology integumentary

• What is the primary barrier function of the integumentary system?

  It protects against chemical, physical, and biologic agents.
• How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?

  It regulates body temperature and water loss.
• What type of information does the integumentary system convey to the nervous system?

  It conveys sensory information about touch and temperature.
• What substances are excreted by the integumentary system?

  Sweat and sebum.
• What are the endocrine functions of the integumentary system?

  It secretes hormones, cytokines, and growth factors, and converts precursor molecules into hormones like Vitamin D.
• What are the distinct layers of the epidermis?

  • Stratum corneum (horny)
  • Stratum lucidum (clear, only in thick skin)
  • Stratum granulosum (granular)
  • Stratum spinosum (prickly)
  • Stratum basale (basal)
• What are the four main cell types found in the epidermis?

  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
  • Tactile (Merkel) cells
• What type of skin cancer arises from the stratum basale?

  Basal cell carcinoma.
• Which skin cancer is associated with melanocytes?

  Melanoma.
• What does the ABCD rule help to identify?

  It helps to identify characteristics of melanoma.
• What does the 'A' in the ABCD rule stand for?

  Asymmetry.
• What does the 'B' in the ABCD rule stand for?

  Border.
• What does the 'C' in the ABCD rule stand for?

  Color.
• What does the 'D' in the ABCD rule stand for?

  Diameter.
• What is the role of melanin in the skin?

  • Produced by melanosomes in melanocytes
  • Transferred to keratinocytes
  • Shields DNA from damaging UV rays

  
• What are the three types of glands in the skin?

  • Eccrine sweat glands
  • Sebaceous (oil) glands
  • Apocrine sweat glands

  
• What is the significance of the Rule of Nines in burn assessment?

  It helps estimate the total body surface area affected by burns.
• What percentage of the body does the anterior and posterior head and neck account for in the Rule of Nines?

  9%.
• What percentage of the body does the anterior and posterior trunk account for in the Rule of Nines?

  36%.
• What percentage of the body do the anterior and posterior lower limbs account for in the Rule of Nines?

  36%.
• What are the critical thresholds for burn severity according to the Rule of Nines?

  Critical if >25% of body has 2nd degree burns or >10% has 3rd degree burns.
• What are the potential threats to life due to severe burns?

  • Fluid loss (proteins, electrolytes)
  • Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
  • Renal failure
  • Circulatory shock
  • Infection risk (sepsis)
  • Consequences of swelling
• What are the terms used to describe skin color changes in diagnosis?

  • Cyanosis
  • Erythema
  • Pallor
  • Jaundice
  • Bronzing
  • Bruises
• What does cyanosis indicate?

  It indicates a lack of oxygen in the blood.
• What does erythema indicate?

  It indicates increased blood flow to the skin.
• What does pallor indicate?

  It indicates reduced blood flow or anemia.
• What does jaundice indicate?

  It indicates an excess of bilirubin in the blood.
• What does bronzing indicate?

  It indicates adrenal insufficiency or hemochromatosis.
• What do bruises indicate?

  They indicate bleeding under the skin.