Five Kingdoms

• What are the five kingdoms of life?

  Fungus, Protoctists, Animalia, Plantae, Prokaryotae
• What are the important characteristics of the five kingdoms?

  • **Fungus**: Multicellular, forms mycelium of hyphae, multinucleate
  • **Protoctists**: Diverse eukaryotes, includes multicellular algae, autotrophs and heterotrophs, some have cellulose cell walls and chloroplasts
  • **Animalia**: Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, can move
  • **Plantae**: Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, contain chlorophyll, do not move
  • **Prokaryotae**: Single-celled, no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, nutrients obtained by diffusion or photosynthesis
• Can you name examples from the five kingdoms that we have encountered on the course?

  Examples include mushrooms (Fungus), amoeba (Protoctists), humans (Animalia), oak trees (Plantae), and bacteria (Prokaryotae)
• How can you compare the five kingdoms in a table format?

  • Create columns for each kingdom
  • List characteristics such as cell type, nutritional strategy, and mobility
  • Include examples for each kingdom
• What is the structure of multicellular fungi?

  They form a mycelium made of strands called hyphae
• What is a defining feature of protoctists?

  They are a diverse group of eukaryotes that cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi
• What nutritional strategies do protoctists exhibit?

  They show a range of nutritional strategies, including autotrophs and heterotrophs
• What type of cell walls do some protoctists have?

  Some have cellulose cell walls
• What is a characteristic of the Animalia kingdom?

  They are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and can move
• What is a characteristic of the Plantae kingdom?

  They are multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, and contain chlorophyll
• What is a defining feature of Prokaryotae?

  They are single-celled with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• How do prokaryotes obtain nutrients?

  Nutrients are obtained by diffusion or photosynthesis
• How has the classification of organisms changed over time?

  • Previously based on observable characteristics
  • Now influenced by genomic and proteomic studies
  • Domain system classifies organisms by nucleotide sequences in rRNA and lipid membrane structure
• What has led to changes in the classification of organisms?

  The study of genomes and proteomes has led to changes
• What does the domain system classify organisms by?

  It classifies organisms by nucleotide sequences in rRNA and the cells' lipid membrane structure