transition metals

• Where are the d-block elements located in the periodic table?

  In the middle of the periodic table
• What is a transition element defined as?

  A d-block element that can form at least one stable ion with a partially filled d subshell
• How many electrons can a d subshell hold?

  Up to 10 electrons
• What are the properties of transition metals?

  Variable oxidation states, formation of colored ions, and good catalysts
• What is the significance of the closeness of 3d and 4s orbitals in transition metals?

  • Allows for variable oxidation states
  • Facilitates the formation of different ions
  • Contributes to the unique properties of transition metals
• What is the electron configuration of zinc (Zn)?

  1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s²
• Why is zinc not considered a transition metal?

  It has a full d subshell in its stable ion
• How do transition metals behave in terms of electron configuration when forming ions?

  Electrons are removed from the 4s orbital before the 3d orbital
• What is the stable ion formed by scandium?

  Scandium 3+
• How do transition metals contribute to catalysis?

  They act as good catalysts due to their variable oxidation states
• What is a significant aspect of transition metals in chemistry?

  Transition metals have variable oxidation states.
• Why do transition metals have variable oxidation states?

  Because their 4s and 3d orbitals are close in energy.
• What types of ions do transition metals form?

  They form a variety of different ions.
• How do transition metals gain or lose electrons?

  They gain or lose electrons using a similar amount of energy.
• Which elements are not considered transition elements despite being d-block elements?

  Zinc and scandium are not transition elements.
• What is a characteristic property of transition metals in solution?

  They form colored ions in solution.
• What are the colors of vanadium ions in aqueous solution?

  • V²⁺: Violet
  • V³⁺: Green
  • VO²⁺: Blue
  • VO²⁺: Yellow
• What are the colors of chromium and manganese ions in aqueous solution?

  • Cr³⁺: Green/Violet
  • Dichromate: Orange
  • Mn²⁺: Pink
  • MnO₄^2-: Purple
• What are the colors of iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper ions in aqueous solution?

  • Fe²⁺: Pale Green
  • Fe³⁺: Yellow/Orange
  • Co²⁺: Pink
  • Ni²⁺: Green
  • Cu²⁺: Pale Blue
• What is a complex ion in transition metals?

  A complex ion consists of a central transition metal ion surrounded by ligands.
• What type of bond forms between ligands and the central metal ion in a complex ion?

  Dative covalent or coordinate bonds form between ligands and the central metal ion.
• What is the role of ligands in complex ions?

  Ligands donate lone pairs of electrons to form bonds with the central metal ion.
• What determines the shape of a complex ion?

  The size of the ligands and the coordination number determine the shape of a complex ion.
• What is the coordination number in a complex ion?

  The coordination number is the number of coordinate bonds in a complex ion.
• What are the shapes formed by complexes with different coordination numbers?

  • Coordination number 6: Octahedral
  • Coordination number 4: Tetrahedral or Square Planar
  • Coordination number 2: Linear
• What is the bond angle in octahedral complexes?

  All bond angles in octahedral complexes are 90 degrees.
• What is the bond angle in tetrahedral complexes?

  The bond angle in tetrahedral complexes is 109.5 degrees.
• What is the bond angle in square planar complexes?

  The bond angle in square planar complexes is 90 degrees.
• What is the bond angle in linear complexes?

  The bond angle in linear complexes is 180 degrees.
• How do you determine the oxidation state of the transition metal in a complex ion?

  The oxidation state is determined by the total charge of the complex minus the total charge of the ligands.
• If a complex ion has a total charge of -2 and contains four chloride ligands, what is the oxidation state of the central metal ion?

  The oxidation state is +2.
• What determines the overall charge of a complex?

  The overall charge is determined by the type and number of ligands surrounding the metal ion.
• How is the total oxidation state of a complex calculated?

  The total oxidation state is the total oxidation state of the metal minus the total oxidation state of the ligands.
• What type of ligands were discussed in relation to transition metal complexes?

  Monodentate, bidentate, and multidentate ligands were discussed.
• If a tetrahedral complex has an overall charge of -2 and four chloride ligands, what is the oxidation state of the metal?

  The oxidation state of the metal is +2.
• What is hemoglobin's role in the body?

  Hemoglobin transports oxygen around the body.
• What is the structure of hemoglobin?

  Hemoglobin has an octahedral shape with iron at its center surrounded by ligands.
• How does hemoglobin pick up oxygen in the lungs?

  Oxygen substitutes the water ligands in hemoglobin in the lungs.
• What happens to water when hemoglobin picks up oxygen?

  Water is expelled from the body when hemoglobin releases oxygen.
• What is the effect of carbon monoxide on hemoglobin?

  Carbon monoxide replaces water ligands and binds strongly to iron, preventing oxygen transport.