Endocrine System and Homeostasis

• What is coordination in biological systems?

  It is the way in which receptors detect stimuli and pass the information onto effectors.
• What are the two coordination systems in the body?

  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
• What are the two main components involved in coordination?

  Receptors and effectors.
• How does the nervous system send information?

  In the form of electrical impulses.
• How does the endocrine system send information?

  In the form of hormones.

  
• What is a hormone?

  A chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood that alters the activity of specific target organs.

  
• What is adrenaline commonly known as?

  The "Fight or Flight" hormone.
• What is the primary function of adrenaline?

  To help you deal with danger.
• What effect does adrenaline have on the heart?

  It causes the heart to beat faster to supply oxygen more quickly.
• How does adrenaline affect breathing rate?

  It increases the breathing rate to get more oxygen into the body.
• What happens to blood flow during an adrenaline response?

  More blood flows to the brain and muscles, while blood vessels to the skin and digestive system contract.
• What happens to the pupils when adrenaline is released?

  Pupils dilate to let more light into the eye.
• What does the liver do in response to adrenaline?

  The liver releases stored glucose into the blood for extra energy.
• What is negative feedback in homeostasis?

  • A mechanism where a change in a parameter triggers actions to return it to normal.
  • Essential for maintaining stable internal conditions.
• Why is it important to control blood glucose levels?

  Cells need a steady supply of glucose for respiration.
• What can happen if there is too much glucose in the blood?

  It can change the concentration of fluid around cells, causing osmosis.
• How do the liver and pancreas work together to control blood glucose?

  • The pancreas makes hormones that regulate blood glucose concentration.
  • These hormones are produced in the Islets of Langerhans.

  
• What hormones do the Islets of Langerhans produce?

  Insulin and glucagon.
• What happens when blood glucose levels are high?

  The Islets of Langerhans release insulin to reduce blood glucose levels.

  
• What is the function of insulin?

  To reduce blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to store glucose as glycogen.

  
• What happens when blood glucose levels are low?

  The Islets of Langerhans release glucagon to increase blood glucose levels.

  
• What is the function of glucagon?

  To increase blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose.

  
• How does negative feedback control blood glucose levels?

  • High blood glucose triggers insulin release to lower it.
  • Low blood glucose triggers glucagon release to raise it.

  
• What is diabetes?

  A disease in which the body cannot properly control blood glucose levels.

  
• What are the two types of diabetes?

  Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
• What characterizes Type 1 diabetes?

  The pancreas does not produce insulin due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.
• What characterizes Type 2 diabetes?

  The pancreas can produce insulin, but the body's cells do not respond to it.

  
• What are the signs of diabetes?

  High blood glucose, glucose in urine, increased urine volume, thirst, hunger, and fatigue.
• What are the treatments for diabetes?

  • Monitor blood glucose levels.
  • Use biosensors or urine dipsticks for testing.
  • Eat small, frequent meals.
  • Avoid high-sugar foods.
  • Inject insulin if necessary.