Definitions

• What do acids release in aqueous solution?

  H⁺ ions
• Name three common acids.

  HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃
• What does the acid dissociation constant (Ka) represent?


  The extent of acid dissociation.
• What is the relationship between pKa and Ka?


  pKa = -log(Ka)
• What is acid hydrolysis?


  The breakdown of a compound using aqueous acid.
• What can nitriles be hydrolysed to form?


  Carboxylic acids
• What is activation energy?

  The minimum energy required for a reaction to take place.
• What is addition polymerisation?


  The formation of a long chain molecule when many monomers join together.
• What is an addition reaction?


  A reaction in which molecules combine to form a single product.
• What characterizes an alcohol?

  An organic compound containing the OH(hydroxyl) functional group.
• Why are alcohols soluble in water when the alkyl chain is short?


  Because the polarity of the OH functional group allows hydrogen bonding.
• What is an aldehyde?

  An organic compound containing the -CHO functional group.
• How can aldehydes be formed?


  From the oxidation of primary alcohols using Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ and distillation.
• What is an alicyclic compound?

  An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings.
• What is an aliphatic compound?


  A compound containing carbon and hydrogen atoms in straight or branched chains or non-aromatic rings.
• What is an aliphatic amine?

  An amine that only contains straight or branched alkyl chains.
• How can aliphatic amines be formed?

  Via a substitution reaction of haloalkanes with ammonia or amines in ethanol solvent.
• What is an alkali?

  Water-soluble bases that release OH⁻ ions in aqueous solution.
• Name three common alkalis.

  NaOH, KOH, NH3
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  CnH₂n+₂
• What is an alkene?

  An organic compound containing at least one C=C double bond.
• How can alkenes be formed from alcohols?

  By the elimination of H₂O using an acid catalyst and heat.
• What happens when alkenes react with bromine water?

  They decolourise bromine water.
• What is an alkyl group?

  A group with the general formula CnH₂n+₁.
• What is alkylation?

  A reaction used to form substituted aromatic compounds using a haloalkane.
• What happens during amide hydrolysis under acidic conditions?

  Amides form carboxylic acids and ammonium salts.
• What happens during amide hydrolysis under alkaline conditions?

  Amides form carboxylate salts and either ammonia or an amine.
• What is the amine group?

  The -NH₂ group in an organic compound.
• What is the functional group of amines?

  NR₃ (where R could be hydrogen atoms or alkyl chains).
• Why are amines considered basic?

  Because the nitrogen lone pair allows the acceptance of a proton.
• What is formed when amines react with dilute acids?

  Salts are formed.
• What is the ammonium ion formula?

  NH₄⁺
• How can ammonium ions be tested?

  By reacting with warm NaOH to form NH₃.
• What is the amount of substance?

  Quantity with moles as units, used to count atoms.
• How can the amount of substance be calculated?

  Using mass (n = m/M), gas volumes (n = pV/(RT)), or solution volume and concentration (n = CV).
• What does anhydrous mean?

  A crystalline compound containing no water.
• What is an anhydrous salt?

  A salt such as MgSO₄ or CaCl₂ used to remove traces of water from an organic solution.
• What is an anion?

  A negatively charged ion.
• What is an aromatic compound?

  An organic compound containing a benzene ring.
• What is an aromatic amine?

  An amine which contains a benzene ring directly attached to the nitrogen atom.