Enzymes

• What is activation energy?


  The energy required to start a reaction
• How do enzymes affect the rate of reactions?


  They speed up reactions by reducing the activation energy
• What do enzymes do to bonds during a reaction?

  They cause bonds to weaken, break, or form
• What is the structure of enzymes?

  Enzymes are polypeptides folded into a specific 3D shape
• What holds the shape of enzymes together?

  Disulfide, ionic, and hydrogen bonds
• What is the role of the active site in an enzyme?

  The active site is specific to a substrate
• What forms when an enzyme binds to a substrate?

  An enzyme-substrate complex forms
• How does the induced fit model describe enzyme action?


  The active site changes shape to fit the substrate precisely
• What happens to the products after the reaction catalyzed by an enzyme?

  The products diffuse away from the active site
• What effect do high temperatures have on enzymes?

  High temperatures denature enzymes by destroying their tertiary structure
• How do strong acids affect enzymes?

  Strong acids alter or break the forces holding the enzyme together
• What is the benefit of using enzymes in industrial processes?

  They often lead to higher product quality and lower costs
• What are the advantages of using enzymes over chemical catalysts in industrial processes?

  • Higher product quality
  • Cheaper than chemical catalysts
  • Lower manufacturing costs
  • Generate less waste
  • Easier to control reaction conditions
  • Require small amounts of enzyme
  • Enzymes are usually destroyed in the process
  • Replace hazardous chemicals
• What is one example of an enzyme used in food production?

  Chymosin used in cheese manufacture
• How do enzymes help in the production of lactose-free food?

  They enable lactose-intolerant individuals to consume dairy products
• What is the role of invertase in sweet manufacture?

  Invertase is used to convert sucrose into glucose and fructose
• How do enzymes contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions?

  They reduce energy consumption and waste in industrial processes
• What is the significance of the enzyme-substrate complex in enzyme function?

  It lowers the activation energy required for the reaction
• How do enzymes lower the activation energy?

  By forming, breaking, or altering bonds
• What is the overall energy change during a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme?

  The overall energy released during the reaction remains the same
• What are the implications of enzymes being destroyed in the production process?

  They are not present in the final food product
• What is the impact of using enzymes in washing detergents?

  They reduce eutrophication and allow for lower temperature washes
• How do enzymes replace hazardous chemicals in industrial processes?

  By providing safer alternatives to strong acids and bases
• What is the significance of the enzyme's 3D shape?

  The specific shape allows for the enzyme's function and substrate binding
• What happens to the energy of reactants and products in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

  The energy levels of reactants and products remain the same
• What is the role of hydrogen bonds in enzyme structure?

  They help maintain the enzyme's specific 3D shape
• How does the enzyme-substrate complex affect the reaction rate?

  It increases the reaction rate by lowering activation energy
• What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

  Temperature affects the enzyme's shape and activity
• What is the relationship between enzyme concentration and reaction rate?

  Higher enzyme concentration generally increases the reaction rate
• How do enzymes contribute to a safer production environment?

  They reduce the need for harsh chemicals and conditions
• What is the significance of the enzyme's active site in catalysis?

  The active site is where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs
• How do enzymes affect the energy profile of a reaction?

  They lower the activation energy required for the reaction
• What is the role of ionic bonds in enzyme structure?

  Ionic bonds help stabilize the enzyme's 3D shape
• How do enzymes interact with substrates?

  Enzymes bind to substrates at their active sites
• What happens to the enzyme after the reaction is complete?

  The enzyme is free to catalyze another reaction
• What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

  pH can alter the shape and function of the enzyme
• How do enzymes contribute to the efficiency of industrial processes?

  They allow reactions to occur at lower temperatures and pressures
• What is the significance of the enzyme's specificity?

  Enzymes are specific to particular substrates, ensuring precise reactions
• How do enzymes help in the production of clear fruit juice?

  They ensure maximum juice extraction from the fruit
• What is the role of enzymes in bread making?

  Enzymes help in the fermentation process and improve dough quality