Unit 4

• What significant economic changes occurred in the United States during the first half of the 19th century?

  The U.S. rapidly expanded economically by acquiring new lands, improving transportation, and developing industries.
• How did the growth of a market economy affect people's reliance on farming?

  People relied more on buying and selling goods than on subsistence farming.
• What role did government investment play in the economic expansion of the U.S.?

  Government investment supported new infrastructure such as roads, canals, and harbors.
• What impact did technological advancements have on productivity during this period?

  Technological advancements increased agricultural and manufacturing productivity.
• How did the economic changes of the 19th century affect gender roles in the household?

  More men worked outside the home, giving women greater control over household responsibilities.
• What significant political changes occurred during this period regarding voting rights?

  Political participation expanded significantly, particularly for White men, as property ownership was no longer required to vote.
• What was the purpose of nominating conventions during this period?

  Nominating conventions allowed more direct involvement in choosing candidates.
• What social reforms were targeted during this period?

  Social reforms targeted public education, prisons, and asylums to create more humane conditions.
• How did the Second Great Awakening influence social reforms?

  The Second Great Awakening fueled moral reform movements.
• Who was often excluded from the reforms during this period?

  Reforms often excluded African Americans, American Indians, and women.
• What characterized the cultural identity of the United States during this period?

  The U.S. began to develop a distinct cultural identity, producing literature, art, and philosophy that emphasized independence from Europe.
• How did regional cultures in the U.S. differ during this period?

  The South's economy and social structure were shaped by slavery, the Northeast focused on commerce, and the Midwest prioritized agriculture.
• What was the role of President Andrew Jackson in asserting federal power?

  Under President Andrew Jackson, the federal government asserted its power over states.
• What was the impact of slavery and territorial expansion on national tensions?

  Slavery and territorial expansion fueled tensions, particularly regarding whether new territories would allow slavery.
• By 1848, how far had the United States expanded?

  The United States had grown from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
• What sense did the nation have by 1848 despite regional differences?

  There was a sense of national prosperity and optimism.
• What were the two main political parties that emerged in the new republic?

  The two main political parties were Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.
• Who led the Federalists and what did they support?

  Federalists were led by Alexander Hamilton and supported a strong national government.
• What did the Democratic-Republicans advocate for?

  Democratic-Republicans advocated for states' rights and sympathized with France.
• What was significant about the Election of 1800?

  The Election of 1800 was the first with clear party divisions and led to Thomas Jefferson’s presidency.
• What landmark event occurred during the Election of 1800?

  The transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans occurred peacefully.
• What were Jefferson's goals during his presidency?

  Jefferson aimed to balance Federalist and Democratic-Republican values.
• What significant purchase did Jefferson make in 1803?

  Jefferson expanded the nation’s territory significantly with the Louisiana Purchase.
• How much did the United States pay for the Louisiana Territory?

  The United States paid $15 million for the Louisiana Territory.
• What was the purpose of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

  The Lewis and Clark Expedition provided valuable geographic knowledge and strengthened claims to the Oregon Territory.
• What important legal principle did Chief Justice John Marshall establish in Marbury v. Madison?

  Judicial review was established, allowing the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of federal laws.
• What was the significance of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?

  It asserted federal power over state laws and supported implied powers, such as the creation of a national bank.
• What did Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) affirm?

  Gibbons v. Ogden affirmed federal control over interstate commerce.
• What controversial actions did Aaron Burr engage in?

  Aaron Burr tried to form a political conspiracy with New England Federalists to secede and killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel.
• What was the outcome of Burr's trial for treason?

  Burr was tried for treason but acquitted, revealing tensions in the young nation.
• Who succeeded Jefferson as president in 1808?

  James Madison, a Democratic-Republican, succeeded Jefferson in 1808.
• What characterized the "Era of Good Feelings" during Monroe's presidency?

  The "Era of Good Feelings" was characterized by nationalism, optimism, and one-party dominance (Democratic-Republicans).
• What were some significant achievements of Monroe's administration?

  Monroe's administration saw the acquisition of Florida from Spain, the Missouri Compromise, and the Monroe Doctrine.
• What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?

  The Monroe Doctrine asserted U.S. opposition to European colonization in the Americas.
• What was the first protective tariff in U.S. history?

  The Tariff of 1816 was the first protective tariff, shielding American manufacturers from British competition.
• What did Henry Clay's American System promote?

  Henry Clay's American System promoted economic growth through protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.
• What was the Panic of 1819 and what caused it?

  The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial panic since the Constitution, triggered by the Second Bank of the United States tightening credit.
• What were the consequences of the Panic of 1819?

  The Panic of 1819 led to widespread bankruptcies, unemployment, and debtors’ prisons, especially severe in the West.
• What happened to the Federalist Party after the War of 1812?

  The Federalist Party disappeared after failing to adapt to the nationalist spirit.
• What drove settlers westward during this period?

  Land acquisitions from Native Americans, economic pressures, improved transportation, and cheap land attracted settlers.