Normal Development

• What is the aim of understanding normal development milestones?

  To understand clinical importance and relevance
• Why is understanding children's growth and development essential for clinical practice?

  It helps in anticipating child behavior and needs
• What are the two main aspects of development discussed?

  Growth and development
• What does growth refer to in children?

  Increase in size from cell number and size
• What is harder to quantify in child development?

  Maturation of the nervous system
• What can brain injury affect in children?

  It may not result in growth problems
• How does human development change over time?

  It can be positive or negative
• What does the acronym S.P.E.C.C.S stand for?

  Strands of development affecting individuals' lives
• What are the strands of development in S.P.E.C.C.S?

  • Social: Relating to others
  • Physical: Growth of muscles and skeleton
  • Emotional: Identity and self-concept
  • Cognitive: Wisdom and learning
  • Cultural: Ideas, beliefs, and traditions
  • Spiritual: Personal aspirations and well-being
• What are the five stages of development within the lifespan?

  Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood, Older Adulthood
• What are the normal developmental milestones for gross motor skills?

  • Birth: Flexed posture, complete head lag
  • 4 months: Good head control
  • 6 months: Sit unsupported
  • 12 months: Walk with one hand held
  • 18 months: Walk independently
• What is the significance of developmental abnormalities?

  Most present within the first 5 years
• Why is early detection of developmental abnormalities important?

  Early intervention helps achieve maximum potential
• What are the gross motor milestones from birth to 2.5 years?

  • Birth: Flexed posture
  • 4 months: Good head control
  • 6 months: Sit unsupported
  • 12 months: Pull up to stand
  • 18 months: Walk independently
  • 2.5 years: Run and jump
• What are the fine motor milestones from 1 month to 5 years?

  • 1 month: Hands closed
  • 3 months: Hold a rattle
  • 6 months: Transfer objects between hands
  • 12 months: Pass toy and release it
  • 3 years: Draw a circle
  • 5 years: Draw a triangle and body
• What is the first speech milestone at 3 months?

  Begins to vocalise
• What is a sign of social skills development by 6 weeks?

  Baby smiles responsively
• What are the developmental red flags to observe?

  • Parental concern at any age
  • Regression in skills
  • No sitting by 10-12 months
  • No walking by 18 months
  • Unintelligible speech by 4 years
• How does vision influence development?

  It controls motor, social, and cognitive development
• What is the state of a newborn's vision?

  Babies can see but not clearly
• What factors influence normal visual development?

  Anatomical, physiological, and environmental factors
• At what age does the crystalline lens continue to grow until?

  16 years
• What is the condition of the retina in a full-term infant?

  Fully developed except for fovea centralis
• What is a sign of interest in people at 10-12 months?

  Interest in toys and noises
• What developmental milestone is noted at 18 months?

  Bit walking independently
• What is a sign of development at 2 ½ years?

  No two- to three-word sentences
• What speech characteristic is noted at 4 years?

  Unintelligible speech
• What is a visual milestone at 10 weeks?

  No smile
• What is the importance of visual information in infants?

  It integrates with other sensory input
• Can babies see at birth?

  Yes, but not clearly
• What is the condition of the eye at birth?

  All ocular tissues are differentiated
• What happens to the axial length of the eye as it grows?

  It increases until 16 years
• What is the refractive state of an infant's eye?

  The eye is hypermetropic
• What is emmetropisation?

  Reduction of neonatal refractive error during growth
• What was the mean refraction of 1000 newborns?

  +2.50DS
• What percentage of 6-month-olds have astigmatism >0.75 DC?

  50%
• What is the likelihood of hypermetropia >+4.00DS in 1-year-olds?

  1. 4%
• When is emmetropisation usually complete?

  By 3 years of age
• What is the range of visual acuity (VA) at 6/240?

  No light discrimination
• When does contrast sensitivity achieve adult levels?

  By 3 months