1.10 Metals & Non-Metals

• Where are most elements found on the periodic table?

  Most elements are metals found towards the bottom left of the table.
• What is a key feature of metals when they react?

  Metals form positive ions when they react.
• What type of ion does calcium form?

  Calcium forms a two plus ion.
• How do non-metals differ in ion formation compared to metals?

  Non-metals either don't form ions or form negative ions.
• Why do elements on the left of the periodic table tend to form positive ions easily?

  They have few electrons in their outermost shell, making it easy to lose them.
• How many electrons does calcium have in its outer shell?

  Calcium has two electrons in its outer shell.
• Why is it difficult for chlorine to form a positive ion?

  Chlorine would have to lose all seven of its outer electrons, requiring a lot of energy.
• How does the reactivity of metals change down the periodic table?

  Metals tend to become more reactive towards the bottom of the table.
• Why do elements further down the periodic table lose electrons more easily?

  Their outermost shell is farther from the nucleus, making it less tightly held.
• What type of bonding do all metals have?

  All metals have metallic bonding.
• What are the physical properties of metals?

  • Strong metallic bonds
  • Malleable (can be bent or hammered)
  • Good conductors of heat and electricity
  • High melting and boiling points
  • Shiny appearance
  • Sonorous (create a ringing sound)
• How do non-metals generally appear in terms of color and texture?

  Non-metals tend to be dull in color and brittle.
• What are the typical melting and boiling points of non-metals?

  Non-metals generally have low melting and boiling points.
• What is a characteristic of non-metals in terms of electrical conductivity?

  Non-metals are poor conductors of electricity.
• How do the densities of non-metals compare to metals?

  Non-metals generally have lower densities than metals.
• What are the properties of transition metals?

  • Typical metal properties
  • Can form more than one ion
  • Often colored ions
  • Good catalysts
• What is an example of a transition metal that can form multiple ions?

  Chromium can form two plus, three plus, and six plus ions.
• What is a catalyst?

  A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up.
• What is an example of a catalyst used in the Haber process?

  Iron is an important catalyst in the Haber process.
• What catalyst is used in the hydrogenation of alkenes?

  Nickel is used in the hydrogenation of alkenes.
• What are the key differences between metals and non-metals in terms of properties?

  Metals:

  • Shiny, malleable, good conductors, high melting/boiling points

  Non-metals:

  • Dull, brittle, poor conductors, low melting/boiling points