Cell division- Mitosis

• What is the main topic of this study material?

  Cell division: mitosis
• What will you learn about in the topic of mitosis?

  • Why cell division occurs
  • Surface area to volume ratio's effect on mitosis
  • Difference between growth and cell division
  • Structure of chromosomes
  • Mitosis in plant and animal cells
  • Investigating mitosis in plant roots
  • Role of centriole in animal cell mitosis
  • What cancer is and its management
  • Traditional and medical technology
  • Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
  • Researching one form of cancer
• Why does a cell need to divide as it gets bigger?

  To maintain a balanced condition for nutrient and waste exchange
• What are the two parts of the cell cycle?

  Interphase and mitosis
• What happens during interphase of the cell cycle?

  The cell grows and DNA is replicated
• What percentage of the cell cycle does interphase occupy?

  About 90%
• What is the relationship between surface area and volume in cells?

  A smaller cell has a greater surface area to volume ratio
• What are the three purposes of mitosis?

  Growth, repair, and reproduction
• Where does mitosis occur in plants?

  In apical and lateral meristem tissues
• Where does mitosis occur in animals?

  In specific places like bone marrow and skin basal layers
• What are the two division processes important in mitosis?

  Karyokinesis and cytokinesis
• What happens during anaphase in mitosis?

  Each chromosome separates into sister chromatids
• What initiates cytokinesis in animal cells?

  The cell membrane constricts at the equator
• What forms during telophase in animal cells?

  A nuclear membrane and nucleolus form in each daughter cell
• What is the first step of mitosis in plant cells during interphase?

  DNA replicates and organelles duplicate
• How do spindle fibers form in plant cells during mitosis?

  Without the use of centrosomes
• What happens during metaphase in plant cells?

  Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
• What forms during telophase in plant cells?

  A cell plate forms at the equator
• What materials are needed to investigate mitosis in plant and animal cells?

  • Onion, bean, bread
  • Water
  • 1 cm x 1 cm cover slip
  • Dilute hydrochloric acid
  • Scissors, knife
  • Clock
  • Light microscope
• What is the aim of the hands-on activity mentioned in the study material?

  To determine the phases of mitosis in plant and animal cells
• What is the role of the centriole in animal cells during mitosis?

  It helps in the formation of spindle fibers
• What is cancer?

  A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division
• How is cancer managed?

  Through traditional and medical technology
• What are two common treatments for cancer?

  Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
• What is the process of investigating mitosis in plant roots?

  1. Cut the base of an onion or bean
  2. Place in water
  3. Cut off a small tip
  4. Cover with dilute hydrochloric acid
  5. Observe under a light microscope
• What is the main purpose of mitosis?

  To create new cells for repair, replacement, or reproduction
• Why do cells undergo mitosis?

  To replace damaged cells or to repair tissues
• What are the three main reasons for mitosis?

  • Repair damaged cells
  • Replace old cells
  • Reproduce new cells
• What is the first phase of the cell cycle called?

  G0 phase
• What occurs during the G0 phase?

  The cell duplicates its organelles and grows
• What is the S phase responsible for?

  DNA replication
• Why is DNA replication important during interphase?

  To ensure each new cell receives a complete set of DNA
• What is the final growth phase before mitosis called?

  G2 phase
• What happens during the G2 phase?

  The cell finishes its maturation and prepares for mitosis
• What is interphase in the cell cycle?

  • The phase where the cell spends about 90% of its time
  • Allows the cell to grow and mature
  • Prepares for cellular division
• What is the outcome of mitosis?

  Two identical daughter cells
• How does mitosis maintain chromosome number?

  By ensuring each daughter cell receives the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
• What does diploid mean?

  A full set of chromosomes
• How many chromosomes does a human diploid cell have?

  46 chromosomes
• What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

  Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four haploid cells