Animal tissues

• What are the four groups into which mammalian tissues may be classified?

  Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue
• What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

  • Covers the body and lines cavities, organs, passages, and ducts
  • Protects underlying tissue
  • Some have secondary functions
• How many layers of cells does most epithelial tissue form?

  Most forms a single layer, except skin epithelium which has many layers
• What are the four types of epithelial tissue?

  1. Squamous epithelium
  2. Columnar epithelium
  3. Ciliated epithelium
  4. Cuboidal epithelium
• What is the function of squamous epithelium?

  Protects underlying tissue and allows gas exchange
• Where is columnar epithelium found?

  It lines the intestines
• What is the role of goblet cells in columnar epithelium?

  They secrete protective mucus in the digestive tract
• How do micro-villi contribute to the function of columnar epithelium?

  They increase surface area for absorption
• What are the characteristics of ciliated epithelium?

  It has cilia on the free surface and lines the trachea and nasal passages
• What is the function of cilia in ciliated epithelium?

  Cilia move dust particles trapped in mucus towards the pharynx
• Where is cuboidal epithelium found?

  It lines the kidney tubules and glands
• What is the function of cuboidal epithelium?

  It serves a secretory and absorptive function
• What is the role of connective tissue in mammals?

  • Supports and joins other tissues
  • Contains different cells embedded in a matrix
  • The matrix can be solid (bone) or fluid (blood)
• What type of fibers are more prevalent in connective tissue?

  More white fibers than yellow fibers
• What is the role of ligaments in connective tissue?

  Ligaments connect bone to bone and prevent dislocation
• Where is white fibrous tissue found?

  In the walls of arteries
• What is the function of yellow elastic tissue?

  Allows for the expansion of arteries when the heart pumps blood
• What are the types of connective tissue?

  1. Loose connective tissue (areolar and adipose)
  2. Dense/rigid connective tissue
  3. Fluid connective tissue (blood)
  4. Supportive connective tissue (bone and cartilage)
• What is the function of blood in connective tissue?

  Transports dissolved substances around the body
• What do red blood cells do?

  Transport O₂ and CO₂
• What is the role of white blood cells?

  Produce antibodies and fight infections
• What do platelets do in the blood?

  Assist with blood clotting
• What are the functions of bone tissue?

  • Makes up the endoskeleton in mammals
  • Gives shape to the body
  • Protects internal organs
  • Enables muscle attachment for movement
  • Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
• What is the function of cartilage in the body?

  Prevents friction at the ends of bones and allows for expansion
• What are the three types of muscle tissue?

  Voluntary, involuntary, and cardiac muscle
• Where are involuntary muscles found?

  In the walls of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems
• What is the function of cardiac muscle?

  Responsible for the pumping action of the heart
• What do sensory neurons do?

  Carry nerve impulses from receptors towards the central nervous system
• What is the role of motor neurons?

  Carry nerve impulses from the CNS towards an effector
• Where are inter-neurons found?

  Within the central nervous system (CNS)
• What is a synapse?

  A microscopic gap between the end of one neuron and the beginning of another
• What happens at a synapse?

  The nerve impulse has to "jump" across the synapse
• What are the four main types of animal tissues?

  Connective tissues, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue
• How is the function of a tissue linked to its shape?

  The function of a tissue is specifically designed based on its shape
• What are the subdivisions of epithelial tissue?

  • Squamous epithelium
  • Columnar epithelium
  • Cuboidal epithelium
• What is the basic structure of epithelial tissue?

  Epithelial tissue is often one layer thick or stratified
• What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?

  The basement membrane acts as a sticky surface for cells to attach to
• Why are there very few intercellular spaces in epithelial tissue?

  Because epithelial tissue is designed for protection and lining surfaces
• What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

  Protection and lining of internal and external surfaces
• What is a defining feature of epithelial tissue nuclei?

  The shape of the nucleus can vary, being circular or elongated