Variables

• What is the main focus of the research methods and psychology video?

  The video covers variables in research methods.
• Why is it difficult to see causal relationships in research?

  Because the world is chaotic and many variables change.
• In an experiment, what do researchers attempt to do with most variables?

  Researchers attempt to hold most variables the same.
• What are the types of variables discussed in the video?

  Independent variables, dependent variables, covariables, extraneous variables, and confounding variables.
• What is the role of covariables in correlational studies?

  Covariables are measured and compared to look for relationships.
• What can researchers say about the relationship between covariables?

  Researchers can say that two covariables are associated.
• What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

  The independent variable is manipulated, while the dependent variable is measured.
• How might a researcher operationalize the dependent variable in a study on anger management therapy?

  By measuring reduction in scores on a hostility questionnaire.
• What is internal validity in research?

  Internal validity refers to the accuracy of the measurement of the independent variable's influence on the dependent variable.
• What are extraneous variables?

  Extraneous variables are any variables other than the independent variable that could influence the dependent variable.
• What are demand characteristics in research?

  Demand characteristics are cues that participants pick up on that suggest how they should behave.
• How can participant variables influence research outcomes?

  Participant variables like age, gender, and prior knowledge can influence behavior.
• What are situational variables?

  Situational variables are environmental factors that could influence performance.
• What are confounding variables?

  Confounding variables change systematically with the levels of the independent variable.
• How can researchers control for participant variables?

  By using random allocation and matched pairs design.
• What is counterbalancing in research?

  Counterbalancing involves splitting participants into groups to control for order effects.
• What are standardized procedures in research?

  Standardized procedures ensure all participants have the same experience except for the independent variable.
• What is a single-blind trial?

  A single-blind trial is when participants are unaware of the true nature of the experiment.
• What is a double-blind trial?

  A double-blind trial is when both the participants and the researchers are unaware of the true aims of the experiment.
• What is the purpose of a pilot study?

  The purpose of a pilot study is to identify and correct extraneous variables before the main study.
• What is peer review in research?

  Peer review is when researchers show their study to experts for feedback.
• What are the types of variables in research methods?

  • Independent variables
  • Dependent variables
  • Covariables
  • Extraneous variables
  • Confounding variables
• What are the methods to control extraneous variables in research?

  • Random allocation
  • Matched pairs design
  • Counterbalancing
  • Standardized procedures
  • Single and double-blind trials
• What are the aims of conducting a pilot study?

  • Identify extraneous variables
  • Test instructions for clarity
  • Ensure standardized procedures work
  • Assess behavioral categories in observations
• What are the potential issues identified during peer review?

  • Missed extraneous variables
  • Need for study redesign
  • Feedback on methodology