2.3 ATP, Inorganic ions and Water

• What does water's polar property allow it to do in terms of a solvent?

  The transport of substance like mineral ions in the xylem or for metabolic reactions to occur in the cytoplasm.
• Water is a metabolite, what reactions is it therefore involved in? [4]

  ○ Hydrolysis

  ○ Condensation

  ○ Photosynthesis

  ○ Respiration
• Explain why each property of ATP is useful:

  Unstable, Soluble, Easily formed

  ○ Breaks energy down quickly.

  ○ ATP quickly accumulates in the cell.

  ○ Readily available for biochemical processes.
• What are some uses of ATP?

  DNA replication

  Active transport

  Protein synthesis

  Muscle contractions (don't say movement)
• ATP is an immediate source of energy but cannot be stored due to unstable bonds . ATP is broken down in a hydrolysis reaction in a single step into ADP and Pi. This releases energy in small manageable amounts. ATP is soluble and so can move where it is needed.
• What is the equasion for the breakdown of ATP into energy?

  ATP + H20 --> ADP + inorganic phosphate + energy
• describe the structure of ATP and how its structure links to its low activation energy.

  Made from a nucleotide base and three phosphate groups (negative charge so repel) resulting in unstable bonds and therefore a low activation energy
• What does ATP stand for?

  Adenine Triphosphate
• What enzyme assists in the synthesis of ATP?

  ATP synthase
• What enzyme assists in the break down of ATP

  ATP hydrolase
• Why do water molecules organise themselves with hydrogen bonding?

  Because of their slight opposite charges at either side of the molecule and the fact that opposites attract
• What do these enviromental variables result in?

  An increased concentration of; glucose, phosphate ions, nucleotides, oxygen, and an increase in temprature

  ○ Glucose = Increased respiration

  ○ Phosphate ions = Increased: ATP, DNA and RNA production

  ○ Nucleotide = Increased DNA synthesis

  ○ Oxygen = Increased respiration

  ○ Temprature = Increased enzyme activity
• What is the equation for the reaction catalysed by ATP synthase?

  ADP + Pi --> ATP + H2O