Scientific processes

• What organization advises psychologists in the UK regarding ethical standards?

  The British Psychological Society (BPS)
• What are the four principles of ethics according to the BPS?

  1. Respect for dignity and worth of all people
  2. Competence in professional work
  3. Responsibility for protecting participants
  4. Integrity in reporting research findings
• What does the principle of respect for dignity and worth of all people entail?

  It includes standards of privacy, confidentiality, and informed consent.
• When is intentional deception acceptable in research?

  When it is necessary for the integrity of the research.
• What right do participants have regarding their involvement in research?

  Participants have the right to withdraw from the research at any time.
• What does competence mean for psychologists?

  Psychologists should maintain high standards in their professional work.
• What is the responsibility of psychologists towards participants?

  They are responsible for protecting participants from psychological and physical harm.
• What does integrity require from psychologists?

  Psychologists must be honest and accurate in reporting research findings.
• What is informed consent in research?

  Participants must be given comprehensive information about the research and their role.
• Why might researchers withhold the true aims of a study?

  To prevent participants from altering their behavior.
• What is the ethical concern regarding deception in research?

  It prevents informed consent and may distress participants.
• What is the right to withdraw in research?

  Participants can stop participating if they feel uncomfortable.
• How can payment affect the right to withdraw?

  It may make participants feel less able to withdraw.
• What should researchers ensure regarding protection from harm?

  Participants should not experience negative physical or psychological effects.
• When is risk considered acceptable in research?

  If the risk is no greater than what participants might experience in ordinary life.
• What does confidentiality in research involve?

  It involves protecting personal information communicated by participants.
• What is the challenge researchers face regarding confidentiality?

  It is difficult to protect confidentiality while publishing findings.
• What does privacy refer to in research?

  A person’s right to control the flow of information about themselves.
• What is a population in research?

  The group of people that the researcher is interested in studying.
• What is generalization in research?

  Applying the findings of a study to the broader population.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of opportunity sampling?

  Advantages:

  • Easiest method to implement
  • Takes less time to locate participants

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Biased sample from a small part of the population
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of random sampling?

  Advantages:

  • Unbiased selection of participants
  • Equal chance for all members of the population

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Requires a complete list of the population
  • More time-consuming to contact selected participants
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of stratified sampling?

  Advantages:

  • More representative of the population
  • Proportional representation of subgroups

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Very time-consuming to identify and contact subgroups
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of systematic sampling?

  Advantages:

  • Unbiased selection using an objective system

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Slightly biased due to the random selection of the first participant
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of volunteer sampling?

  Advantages:

  • Access to a variety of participants
  • Samples are more representative and less biased

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Volunteer bias due to special characteristics of volunteers