duress

• What is the principle established in Howell regarding duress and murder?

  It is better to die than to murder, making duress unavailable for murder.
• According to Wilson, when is murder not available as a defense?

  Murder is not available if the defendant is young.
• What does Valderamma-Vega state about the nature of threats in duress cases?

  The threat must be of death or serious injury and can be a cumulation of threats.
• What test does Graham propose regarding the actions of a defendant under duress?

  Would a sober person of reasonable firmness with the same characteristics act in the same way?
• What is accepted regarding police protection according to Graham?

  It is accepted that police cannot protect everyone at all times.
• What does Hudson & Taylor emphasize about police protection?

  Police cannot protect at all times.
• What does Abdul-Hussain state about the timing of threats in relation to the crime?

  The threat must be effective at the time the crime is committed.
• According to Cole, when is duress available as a defense?

  Duress is only available if the threat makes the defendant commit a specific crime.
• What does Bray/Shepherd indicate about self-induced duress?

  If duress is self-induced, it may not be a valid defense.
• What concept is introduced by Willer/Conway regarding duress?

  They introduced the concept of duress by circumstance.