Reliability, Validity and Sampling

• What is Reliability?


  the consistency with which the same event is repeatedly measured. scores are consistent across repeated testing.
• What are the two types of reliability?


  Test-Reset and Inter-Rater
• What is Test-Reset Reliability?


  Measures result of the same test on different occasions. High correlations between the test scores indicates good external validity.
• What is Inter-Rater Realiability?


  The consistency between different researchers working on the same study.
• What is internal validity?


  Refers to weather the study is actually measuring what it intends to.
• What are the 3 types of internal validity?


  Construct, Concurrent and Face validity
• What is construct validity?


  The extent to which a test measures a target construct (does every question of the F-scale measure authoritarianism)
• What is concurrent vaildity?


  Establishing validity of a new sampling method by comparing it with another previously validated method.
• What is face validity?


  Does the study appear to do what it is set out to do?
• What is external validity?


  The extent to which findings can be generalised to the real world.
• What are the three types of external validity?


  Temporal, population and ecological
• What is Temporal validity?


  How relavent is it to 2024
• What is population validity?


  How relavent is it to the people of society
• What is ecological validity?


  How relavent is it to day-day life?
• What is oppertunity sampling?


  Approaching people at your convinience who fit your criteria.
• What is a positive of oppertunity sampling?


  Quick, Cheap and Easy
• What is a negative of oppertunity sampling?


  Bias, Lacks population validity and cannot be generalised.
• What is volunteer sampling?


  PPS put themselves forward by responding to and advert.
• What is the positives of volunteer sampling?


  Ethical guidelines are met
• What are the negatives of volunteer sampling?


  Bias, lacks population validity and cannot be generalised
• What is random sampling?


  Every member of the population has equal chances of being chosen
• What are the positives of random sampling?


  It is a scientific method with the highest population validity.
• What are the negatives of random sampling?


  Time consuming, not totally random and concent is an issue.
• what is systematic sampling?


  Every nth person of the population is selected.
• What are the positives in systematic sampling?


  Unbiased in theory, generalisable and good population validity.
• What are the negatives in systematic sampling?

  Potential to be bias and concent is not gained
• What is stratified sampling?

  Dividing the population into subgroups then selecting a proportional sample from each of these groups
• What are the positives of stratified sampling?

  Best type as it avoids research bias and can be generalised.
• What are the negatives of stratified sampling?


  Total representation is impossible because different strata can never reflect variety at the same time.
• What is the formula for stratified sampling?

  Strata/population x sample size