aldehydes/carboxylic acids

• aldehyde to carboxylic acid

  • reflux
  • K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4
• aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

  • NaCN (aq) / H+ (aq)
  • nucleophilic addition
• carboxylic acid to ester

  • alcohol / conc H2SO4
• carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

  • SoCl2
• aldehydes can be formed by primary alcohols
• aldehydes can form

  • hydroxynitriles
  • carboxylic acids
  • primary alcohols
• carboxylic acids are formed by

  • esters
  • acyl chloride
  • nitrile
• carboxylic acids can form

  • acyl chlorides
  • ester
• methanoic to butanoic acid are fully miscible (dissolve fully in water)
• carboxylic acids are soluble in water because they can form h bonds

  • longer carbon chain = LESS soluble
• carboxylic acids are WEAK acids so they partially dissociate