aldehydes/carboxylic acids

• aldehyde to carboxylic acid

  • reflux
  • K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4
  • oxidation
• aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

  • NaCN (aq) / H+ (aq)
  • nucleophilic addition
• carboxylic acid to ester

  • alcohol / conc H2SO4
• carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

  • SoCl2
• acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

  • H2O
• nitrile to carboxylic acid

  • H2O / HCl
  • hydrolysis
• ester to carboxylic acid

  • dilute acid hydrolysis
• primary alcohol to aldehyde

  • oxidation
  • K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4
• aldehyde to primary alcohol

  • NaBH4 /H2O
  • reduction