Diges

• What are the main components of the digestive tract?

  Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
• What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

  Tongue, teeth, salivary glands, tonsils, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
• What are the layers of the wall of the digestive tract?

  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa / Adventitia
• What is the innermost layer of the digestive tract wall?

  Mucosa
• What does the mucosa consist of?

  Mucous epithelium, loose connective tissue, muscularis mucosae
• What type of epithelium lines the mouth, oropharynx, esophagus, and anus?

  Stratified squamous epithelium
• What type of epithelium is found in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine?

  Simple columnar epithelium
• What is the function of the submucosa?

  Contains nerves, blood vessels, and small glands
• What is the name of the nerve plexus in the submucosa?

  Meissner plexus
• What are the two layers of the muscularis in the digestive tract?

  Inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal muscle
• What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

  Controls the motility of the intestinal tract
• What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract called?

  Serosa or adventitia
• What is the difference between serosa and adventitia?

  Serosa covers parts of the digestive tract in the peritoneal cavity, while adventitia covers regions not covered by peritoneum
• What is the function of the peritoneum?

  Lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and clothes the viscera
• What fluid does the peritoneum secrete?

  Peritoneal fluid
• What are the functions of the peritoneum?

  1. Suspend the organs within the peritoneal cavity
  2. Convey blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics to organs
  3. Store fats
• What are the two layers of the peritoneum?

  Parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum
• What is the peritoneal cavity?

  It is the potential space between the parietal and visceral layers.
• Where does the greater sac extend from?

  From the diaphragm to the pelvis.
• What are the two parts of the peritoneal cavity?

  The greater sac and the lesser sac.
• Where is the lesser sac located?

  Behind the stomach.
• What is the epiploic foramen?

  It is the oval window where the greater and lesser sac communicate.
• What distinguishes intraperitoneal organs from retroperitoneal organs?

  Intraperitoneal organs are covered by visceral peritoneum, while retroperitoneal organs lie behind the peritoneum.
• Which organs are classified as intraperitoneal?

  Stomach, jejunum, ileum, and spleen.
• Which organs are classified as retroperitoneal?

  Pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colon, rectum, kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, and urinary bladder.
• What is the significance of the statement "no organ is within the peritoneal cavity"?

  It indicates that the peritoneal cavity is a potential space, not occupied by organs.
• What is the nerve supply for the parietal peritoneum?

  T7-T12 and L1 nerves.
• How does the visceral peritoneum respond to stimuli?

  It is sensitive to stretch and tearing.
• What are the types of peritoneal extensions?

  • Peritoneal ligaments
  • Omenta
  • Mesenteries
• What do peritoneal ligaments connect?

  They connect solid viscera to the abdominal walls.
• What is the greater omentum?

  It is a peritoneal fold connecting the stomach to the transverse colon.
• What is the falciform ligament?

  It connects the liver to the diaphragm.
• What is the mesentery of the small intestine?

  It is a peritoneal fold connecting parts of the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall.
• What is the oral cavity?

  It is the first part of the digestive tract bounded by the lips and cheeks.
• What are the two regions of the mouth?

  The vestibule and the oral cavity proper.
• What are the lips formed by?

  The orbicularis oris muscle.
• Why do the lips appear reddish-pink?

  Because the color from the underlying blood vessels can be seen through the thin epithelium.
• What is the labial frenulum?

  It is a mucosal fold from the alveolar process to the lip.
• What forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity?

  The cheeks.
• What are the functions of the cheeks?

  They hold food in place during mastication and help form words during speech.