Development

• The preoperational stage is the second stage, characterized by the development of symbolic thinking and egocentrism.
• The sensorimotor stage is the first stage of Piaget's theory, during which infants learn about the world through their senses and motor actions.
• The concrete operational stage is the third stage, marked by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and events.
• The formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage, characterized by the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically.
• Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible or perceived.
• The concept of object permanence is a key milestone in Piaget's sensorimotor stage
• The concept of conservation is a key milestone in Piaget's concrete operational stage
• The concept of egocentrism is a key characteristic of Piaget's preoperational stage
• The brain stem connects the spinal cord to the brain
• The thalamus is a sensory processing station
• The thalamus receives messages from the senses and turns them into appropriate behavioural or motor responses
• The cortex is where cognition takes place
• The cerebellum is also known as the little brain
• The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance
• The cerebellum fine-tunes the information from the cortex into motor activity such as walking
• The cortex is also known as the cerebral cortex
• The cortex is the outer layer of the brain
• The cortex is split into 4 lobes
• the cortex is split into the occipital lobe, the temporal lobe, the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe
• The occipital lobe processes visual information
• The temporal lobe is involved with hearing
• The parietal lobe processes information related to touch on the skin like the heat, cold or pain
• The frontal lobe is associated with cognitive activities such as thinking, planning and problem solving
• Brain development is affected by both nature and nurture
• Nature is the idea that our behaviour and characteristics are inherited
• Nurture is the idea that our behaviour and characteristics are influenced by our environment
• Autonomic functions are involuntary body functions such as breathing and heart rate
• A neuron is a specialised nerve cell which generates and transmits an electrical impulse
• A synapse is the small gap between the dendrite of one neuron and the receptor site of the next one, which allows signals to pass between them
• Cognition is the mental process involved in gaining knowledge such as thinking, planning and problem solving
• The concept of conservation is a key milestone in Piaget's concrete operational stage, where children understand that the quantity of a substance remains the same even if its appearance changes.
• The concept of accommodation is another key process in Piaget's theory, where existing schemas are modified or new schemas are created to fit new information.
• The concept of assimilation is a key process in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, where new information is incorporated into existing schemas.
• Sensorimotor stage: 0-2 years old
• Pre-operational stage: 2-7 years old
• Concrete operational: 7-11
• Formal operational: 11+ years
• Dweck's mindset theory claims there are two types of mindsets: growth and fixed mindset
• Growth mindset claims if you can't do something, you can't do it yet
• Fixed mindset claims how you think about yourself and your abilities is fixed and cannot be changed